Restrained shrinkage stress development and stress relaxation in low W/B mortars containing ultrafine fly ash

Application of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) as a thin-bonded overlay for concrete bridge decks

“…These standards are written for comparative analysis between concrete mixtures, due to the fact that the potential for cracking in-service is dependent on the type of structure, degree of restraint, modulus of elasticity, construction methods, curing methods, and environmental conditions (AASHTO PP-34-99). However, numerous researchers have used an analytical stress method to use the results from these tests to determine the maximum residual tensile stress at the concrete-steel interface (Weiss and Shah 2002;Pease 2005;Hossain et al 2009;Nguyen et al 2010;Briffault et al 2011). There are several advantages to using a restrained ring tests over other restrained experiments, such as the flat panel tests or linear restrained shrinkage test, including its low cost, simplicity, and its ability to account for all material factors that affect shrinkage cracking) development of stress, geometric and volume changes, and creep) from the time of casting, so no assumptions or difficult derivations are needed (Nassif et al 2007).…”