Restrained Eating and Risk of Gaining Weight and Body Fat in Middle-Aged Women: A 3-Year Prospective Study

Tucker, Larry A.; Bates, Laura

doi:10.4278/ajhp.07061456

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…In an “obesogenic” environment, many opportunities exist to increase eating frequency and therefore kcal intake. In a 3‐year prospective study involving midlife women, women who increased their level of restrained eating compared to those who did not were at lower risk of gaining weight (39). In the present study, overweight/obesity status was positively associated with intake of fat, refined grains, red meat, added sugars, and sugar‐sweetened beverages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Frequency is Associated With Energy Intake but Not Obesity in Midlife Women

Mills

Perry

Reicks

2011

Obesity

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Midlife women tend to gain weight with age, thus increasing risk of chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between overweight/obesity and behavioral factors, including eating frequency, in a cross‐sectional national sample of midlife women (n = 1,099) (mean age = 49.7 years, and BMI = 27.7 kg/m2). Eating behaviors and food and nutrient intakes were based on a mailed 1‐day food record. BMI was calculated from self‐reported height and weight, and level of physical activity was assessed by self‐reported questionnaire. After exclusion of low‐energy reporters (32% of sample), eating frequency was not associated with overweight/obesity (P > 0.05) and was not different between BMI groups (normal, 5.21 ± 1.79; overweight, 5.16 ± 1.74; obese, 5.12 ± 1.68, P = 0.769). Adjusted logistic regression showed that eating frequency, snacking frequency, breakfast consumption, eating after 10 pm and consuming meals with children or other adults were not significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Total energy intake increased as eating frequency increased in all BMI groups, however, obese women had greater energy intake compared to normal weight women who consumed the same number of meals and snacks. Intake of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, dietary fiber, dairy, and added sugars also increased as eating frequency increased. While eating frequency was not associated with overweight/obesity, it was associated with energy intake. Thus, addressing total energy intake rather than eating frequency may be more appropriate to prevent weight gain among midlife women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Frequency is Associated With Energy Intake but Not Obesity in Midlife Women

Mills

Perry

Reicks

2011

Obesity

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“…Despite null effects reported in two studies that relied upon self-reports to measure body mass index (BMI) (Delinsky & Wilson, 2008;Tiggemann, 2004), much of the related theory and prospective research (Chaput et al, 2009;Drapeau et al, 2003;Hawks, Madanat, & Christley, 2008;Klesges, Isbell, & Klesges, 1992;Schur, Heckbert, & Goldberg, 2010;Snoek, van Strien, Janssens, & Engels, 2008;Stice, Cameron, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1999;Stice, Presnell, Shaw, & Rohde, 2005;Van Strien, Herman, & Verheijden, 2014;Tucker & Bates, 2009), has linked RE to increased risk for future weight gain and onset of obesity. For example, Schur et al (2010) found monozygotic and dizygotic twins with high dietary restraint scores show more weight gain over time than did their co-twins, even after adjusting for potential confounds (education, smoking history, baseline body mass index, time elapsed between surveys).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Spontaneous regional brain activity links restrained eating to later weight gain among young women

Dong

Jackson

Wang

et al. 2015

Biological Psychology

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“…Where interventions that focus on relaxation of restraint (a so-called 'undieting' approach) have been compared with those promoting restraint, the inclusion of restraint produces better weight loss results. [49][50][51][52] Longitudinal studies overwhelmingly show that increases in restraint over time are associated with greater weight loss, 45,[53][54][55] and also with better weight maintenance after weight loss. [56][57][58][59][60] Studies of long-term weight suppressors (people who have successfully maintained a weight loss) show that this group have high levels of restraint together with low levels of disinhibition 42,[61][62][63] and report vigilant self-monitoring of eating behaviors and weight.…”

Section: Widely Used Methods Of Measuring Dietary Restraint Confound mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

2011

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Self-control is generally viewed as highly desirable. In the eating behavior domain, however, the dominance of restraint theory has made the proposition that individuals should attempt to control their eating more controversial. This review discusses evidence from the dietary restraint literature and from studies of self-regulation processes to examine how far self-imposed control around food can be seen as beneficial for effective weight management. Epidemiological and field study evidence provides little support for the proposition that restrained eating causes disinhibited eating patterns. Restraint is often initiated as a response to weight gain, and the co-occurrence of disinhibited and restrained eating patterns on an individual level might better be explained by restraint acting as a marker for overeating tendencies. A sustained effort to monitor and control food intake characterizes successful long-term weight maintenance, suggesting that self-regulation in the eating domain is essential for those with a tendency to gain weight. Evidence from the literature on cognitive self-regulation suggests that there may be potential for people to learn to self-regulate better, both through training and controlled exposure techniques. Integration of the disparate theories of self-regulation is needed to identify the best ways of promoting self-regulation in order to support effective weight control, both in clinical and community settings.

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Restrained Eating and Risk of Gaining Weight and Body Fat in Middle-Aged Women: A 3-Year Prospective Study

Abstract: Women who do not become more restrained in their eating over time are at much greater risk of gaining weight and BF compared with those who become more restrained.

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Eating Frequency is Associated With Energy Intake but Not Obesity in Midlife Women

Eating Frequency is Associated With Energy Intake but Not Obesity in Midlife Women

Spontaneous regional brain activity links restrained eating to later weight gain among young women

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

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