Restoration of plant-animal interactions in terrestrial ecosystems

Genes, Luísa; Dirzo, Rodolfo

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109393

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Safeguarding remnants of biodiversity can in turn serve as an inoculum for the agenda of restoration in the areas where this is needed and feasible. In this regard, restoration needs to go beyond traditional reforestation and consider refaunation and, ideally, the restoration of ecological processes, consequently leading to the protection or restoration of ecosystem services [ 56 ].…”

Section: Actions That Can Be Taken To Slow the Rate Of Population Ext...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity

Dirzo

Ceballos

Ehrlich

2022

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Humanity has triggered the sixth mass extinction episode since the beginning of the Phanerozoic. The complexity of this extinction crisis is centred on the intersection of two complex adaptive systems: human culture and ecosystem functioning, although the significance of this intersection is not properly appreciated. Human beings are part of biodiversity and elements in a global ecosystem. Civilization, and perhaps even the fate of our species, is utterly dependent on that ecosystem's proper functioning, which society is increasingly degrading. The crisis seems rooted in three factors. First, relatively few people globally are aware of its existence. Second, most people who are, and even many scientists, assume incorrectly that the problem is primarily one of the disappearance of species, when it is the existential threat of myriad population extinctions. Third, while concerned scientists know there are many individual and collective steps that must be taken to slow population extinction rates, some are not willing to advocate the one fundamental, necessary, ‘simple’ cure, that is, reducing the scale of the human enterprise. We argue that compassionate shrinkage of the human population by further encouraging lower birth rates while reducing both inequity and aggregate wasteful consumption—that is, an end to growthmania—will be required. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ecological complexity and the biosphere: the next 30 years’.

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Section: Actions That Can Be Taken To Slow the Rate Of Population Ext...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity

Dirzo

Ceballos

Ehrlich

2022

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Biodiversity and associated ecoservices are the basic requirements for human livelihood and for maintenance of ecological balance in Nature. Documentation of biodiversity, and its accelerating loss and urgent need for its conservation have become the main concern for humanity since several decades (Wilson and Peter 1988 ; Wilson 2016 ; Heywood 2017 ; IPBES 2019 ; Genes and Dirzo 2021 ; Shivanna and Sanjappa 2021 ). It is difficult to analyse the loss of biodiversity exclusively due to climate change as other human-induced environmental changes such as habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation of bioresources and introduction of alien species also interact with climate change and affect biodiversity and ecosystems.…”

Section: Impacts Of Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare

Shivanna

2022

Proc.Indian Natl. Sci. Acad.

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Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperature and weather due to human activities. Increase in average global temperature and extreme and unpredictable weather are the most common manifestations of climate change. In recent years, it has acquired the importance of global emergency and affecting not only the wellbeing of humans but also the sustainability of other lifeforms. Enormous increase in the emission of greenhouse gases (CO 2 , methane and nitrous oxide) in recent decades largely due to burning of coal and fossil fuels, and deforestation are the main drivers of climate change. Marked increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, rise in sea level, decrease in crop productivity and loss of biodiversity are the main consequences of climate change. Obvious mitigation measures include significant reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases and increase in the forest cover of the landmass. Conference of Parties (COP 21), held in Paris in 2015 adapted, as a legally binding treaty, to limit global warming to well below 2 °C, preferably to 1.5 °C by 2100, compared to pre-industrial levels. However, under the present emission scenario, the world is heading for a 3–4 °C warming by the end of the century. This was discussed further in COP 26 held in Glasgow in November 2021; many countries pledged to reach net zero carbon emission by 2050 and to end deforestation, essential requirements to keep 1.5 °C target. However, even with implementation of these pledges, the rise is expected to be around 2.4 °C. Additional measures are urgently needed to realize the goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 °C and to sustain biodiversity and human welfare.

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“…However, more data on these taxonomic groups is needed to determine whether our framework could be applied in these systems. Although some species of frugivorous reptiles and fish are known to disperse seeds (Anderson et al, 2009, 2011; Corlett, 2017; Costa‐Pereira & Galetti, 2015; Hanish et al, 2020; Piazzon et al, 2012; Platt et al, 2013; Valido & Nogales, 1994), the effects of these taxa on seed‐dispersal patterns are notably understudied (Costa‐Pereira & Galetti, 2015; Genes & Dirzo, 2022). Moreover, reptilian social systems can be highly diverse and complex, yet disproportionately understudied compared with other vertebrate taxa (Doody et al, 2013).…”

Section: Social Status Affects the Quantity Of Seeds Dispersedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The important role of animal social status in vertebrate seed dispersal

Bartel

Orrock

2022

Ecology Letters

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Seed dispersal directly affects plant establishment, gene flow and fitness.Understanding patterns in seed dispersal is, therefore, fundamental to understanding plant ecology and evolution, as well as addressing challenges of extinction and global change. Our ability to understand dispersal is limited because seeds may be dispersed by multiple agents, and the effectiveness of these agents can be highly variable both among and within species. We provide a novel framework that links seed dispersal to animal social status, a key component of behaviour. Because social status affects individual resource access and movement, it provides a critical link to two factors that determine seed dispersal: the quantity of seeds dispersed and the spatial patterns of dispersal. Social status may have unappreciated effects on post-dispersal seed survival and recruitment when social status affects individual habitat use. Hence, environmental changes, such as selective harvesting and urbanisation, that affect animal social structure may have unappreciated consequences for seed dispersal. This framework highlights these exciting new hypotheses linking environmental change, social structure and seed dispersal. By outlining experimental approaches to test these hypotheses, we hope to facilitate studies across a wide diversity of plant-animal networks, which may uncover emerging hotspots or significant declines in seed dispersal.

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Restoration of plant-animal interactions in terrestrial ecosystems

Cited by 25 publications

References 102 publications

Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity

Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity

Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare

The important role of animal social status in vertebrate seed dispersal

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