Restoration of Mature Etiolated Cucumber Hypocotyl Cell Wall Susceptibility to Expansin by Pretreatment with Fungal Pectinases and EGTA in Vitro

Zhao, Qiang; Yuan, Sheng; Wang, Xin; Zhang, Yuling; Zhu, Hong; Lu, Chang

doi:10.1104/pp.108.116962

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The basis for growth gradients in shoots has been examined by other approaches. Cell wall creep assays showed that the apical, rapidly growing regions of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) hypocotyls and coleoptiles are more responsive than nonelongating regions to the wall-loosening action of exogenous expansins (McQueen-Mason et al, 1992;Cosgrove and Li, 1993), potentially as a result of changes associated with pectin esterification (Zhao et al, 2008). This ties in with other studies implicating pectin deesterification in the decline of growth potential in basal regions of mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyl (Goldberg and Prat, 1982).…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

“…In contrast, pectic polysaccharide structure and dynamics showed pronounced changes along the elongation zone, with lower arabinan and galactan content, decreased esterification, reduced pectin mobility, and weaker water-pectin interactions in the apical-to-basal direction. In previous work, decreases in pectin esterification and increases in calcium crosslinking were associated with growth cessation in mung bean hypocotyls (Goldberg, 1984;Goldberg et al, 1986) and with loss of cell wall creep induced by expansins in cucumber hypocotyls (Zhao et al, 2008). Likewise, pectin mobility, as measured by SSNMR spin relaxation, was reduced in pectin-rich collenchyma from nongrowing (tall) stalks of celery (Apium graveolens) compared with shorter (still growing) stalks (Fenwick et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gradients in Wall Mechanics and Polysaccharides along Growing Inflorescence Stems

et al. 2017

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At early stages of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) flowering, the inflorescence stem undergoes rapid growth, with elongation occurring predominantly in the apical ;4 cm of the stem. We measured the spatial gradients for elongation rate, osmotic pressure, cell wall thickness, and wall mechanical compliances and coupled these macroscopic measurements with molecular-level characterization of the polysaccharide composition, mobility, hydration, and intermolecular interactions of the inflorescence cell wall using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering. Force-extension curves revealed a gradient, from high to low, in the plastic and elastic compliances of cell walls along the elongation zone, but plots of growth rate versus wall compliances were strikingly nonlinear. Neutron-scattering curves showed only subtle changes in wall structure, including a slight increase in cellulose microfibril alignment along the growing stem. In contrast, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed substantial decreases in pectin amount, esterification, branching, hydration, and mobility in an apical-to-basal pattern, while the cellulose content increased modestly. These results suggest that pectin structural changes are connected with increases in pectin-cellulose interaction and reductions in wall compliances along the apical-to-basal gradient in growth rate. These pectin structural changes may lessen the ability of the cell wall to undergo stress relaxation and irreversible expansion (e.g. induced by expansins), thus contributing to the growth kinematics of the growing stem.

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confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gradients in Wall Mechanics and Polysaccharides along Growing Inflorescence Stems

et al. 2017

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“…Because the basal sections of stipes lost their elongation capacity, but still displayed a weaker acid-induced short-term wall extension activity, we conclude that the weaker, non-protein-mediated, acid-induced short-term extension in stipe walls is not involved in stipe wall elongation growth. Thus far, non-protein-mediated short-term extension has not been reported in plant cell walls, and heated or denatured plant walls did not display any remaining short-term wall extension (Cosgrove, 1998;McQueen-Mason et al, 1992;Zhao et al, 2008). The nonprotein-mediated, heat-insensitive wall extension of stipes may be related to their specific chitin component in the stipe wall structure, which is lacking in plant cell walls (Bowman & Free, 2006;Ruiz-Herrera & Ortiz-Castellanos, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps this can explain why acid induction is required for expansin-like protein-reconstituted wall extension in plants (Cosgrove 2000(Cosgrove , 2005 or in basidiomycetes (Fang et al, 2014). Regarding the fact that this heat-insensitive short-term wall extension shows a gradient that is high in the apical and low in the basal region, this gradient may indicate that some other cross-links, in addition to hydrogen bonds, may occur between polysaccharides in stipe walls along with cell wall maturation during the development of fruit bodies (Cabib & Arroyo, 2013;Zhao et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7). The exposure of heated stipes to 10 mg ml 21 expansin-like snail protein resulted in maximum wall extension rates of 1.28 mm min 21 , 0.89 mm min 21 and 0.25 mm min 21 in the apical, median and basal regions of C. cinerea stipes, respectively, indicating that different regions of C. cinerea stipes have different susceptibilities to this snail protein (Zhao et al, 2008). Furthermore, the wall extension induced in heated stipes of C. cinerea by the expansin-like snail protein was dependent on acidic pH conditions (Fig.…”

Section: Heat-sensitive Wall Extension Of Stipes Is a Protein-mediatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of stipe elongation of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2014

Microbiology

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Previously, we observed an acid-induced short-term wall extension in Flammulina velutipes apical stipes during a 15 min period after a change from a neutral to an acidic pH. This acid-induced stipe wall extension was eliminated by heating and reconstituted by a snail expansin-like protein, although we failed to isolate any endogenous expansin-like protein from F. velutipes because of its limited 1 mm fast elongation region. In this study, we report that Coprinopsis cinerea stipes possess a 9 mm fast elongation apical region, which is suitable as a model material for wall extension studies. The elongating apical stipe showed two phases of acid-induced wall extension, an initial quick short-term wall extension during the first 15 min and a slower, gradually decaying long-term wall extension over the subsequent 2 h. After heating or protein inactivation pretreatment, apical stipes lost the long-term wall extension, retaining a slower short-term wall extension, which was reconstituted by an expansin-like snail protein. In contrast, the non-elongating basal stipes showed only a weaker short-term wall extension. We propose that the long-term wall extension is a protein-mediated process involved in stipe elongation, whereas the short-term wall extension is a non-protein mediated process not involved in stipe elongation.

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Plant Cell Growth and Elongation

Cosgrove

2014

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Irreversible cell expansion is an essential process underlying plant growth and development. Growth begins with cell wall loosening which induces wall stress relaxation which in turn generates the reduced water potential that is needed for water uptake and volumetric expansion of the cell. Most growing cell walls consist of a cellulose scaffold embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides classified as pectins and hemicelluloses. Models of the growing cell wall are tentative hypotheses about how cell wall components are linked together to make a strong yet extensible wall and have implications about the mechanism of wall expansion. Recent evidence indicates that wall loosening by expansins and specific endoglucanases may be limited to specific regions (‘biomechanical hotspots’) where cellulose microfibrils come into close contact. The growing cell wall is dynamically modified by enzymes that change the structure of pectins and hemicelluloses, thereby altering their interactions with each other and with cellulose. Growth cessation is correlated with reduced expression of genes that promote wall loosening and changes in matrix polysaccharides that lead to a less extensible cell wall. Key Concepts: Irreversible cell expansion is an essential aspect of plant growth and morphogenesis. Surface expansion of the cell wall may be highly localised, as in tip‐growing cells, or more evenly dispersed over the cell wall surface (‘diffuse growth’), occurs pattern common in most cells of the plant body. Most cells undergo a relatively brief period of rapid cell expansion after they leave the meristem and before they differentiate into mature cells. Expansive growth of plant cells requires simultaneous uptake of water into the cell and irreversible expansion of the cell wall. Cell growth begins with cell wall loosening which leads to ‘stress relaxation’ of the cell wall which in turn creates the water potential difference needed for water uptake by the cell, resulting in the physical enlargement of the cell. The growing cell wall is composed of a network of cellulose microfibrils embedded in pectins and hemicelluloses that make up the wall matrix; these materials combine to form a load‐bearing structure that controls cell mechanics and physically limits cell growth. Deposition of new polymers to the wall is usually coordinated with surface expansion, but these are separable processes. Plant cell walls enlarge more rapidly at low pH (‘acid growth’), a process that is mediated by nonenzymatic proteins named α‐expansins. Several classes of enzymes modify the structure of pectins and hemicelluloses in the cell wall, but it is not clear whether such activity modulates growth in most cases. Cessation of cell enlargement likely involves multiple processes, including tightening of the matrix‐cellulose network and reduced expression of wall‐loosening proteins.

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Restoration of Mature Etiolated Cucumber Hypocotyl Cell Wall Susceptibility to Expansin by Pretreatment with Fungal Pectinases and EGTA in Vitro

Cited by 47 publications

References 78 publications

Gradients in Wall Mechanics and Polysaccharides along Growing Inflorescence Stems

Gradients in Wall Mechanics and Polysaccharides along Growing Inflorescence Stems

Characterization of stipe elongation of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

Plant Cell Growth and Elongation

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