Restoration of fast muscle characteristics following cessation of chronic stimulation

Eisenberg, Bob; Brown, J.; Salmons, Stanley

doi:10.1007/bf00217292

Cited by 83 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…fiber type composition Since the activity levels of a muscle can modulate the muscle fiber phenotype over a period of weeks (Al-Amood et al, 1991;Booth and Baldwin, 1996;Eisenberg et al, 1984;Hennig and Lomo, 1987;Lewis et al, 1997;Vrbova, 1992, 1999;Roy et al, 1991c;Windsich et al, 1998), we examined the degree to which these two variables are coupled. Of the hindlimb muscles for which normal daily EMG activity has been studied (Fig.·5A), the soleus muscle has one of the highest percentages (~70-100%) of slow fibers in all species (Fig.·5B).…”

Section: Lack Of a Close Relationship Between Muscle Activity Level Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These observations have been used to argue that the level of activation largely defines the properties of the muscle (Eken and Gundersen, 1988;Pette and Vrbova, 1992). However, chronic stimulation of a muscle often induces muscle atrophy (Eisenberg et al, 1984;Salmons and Sreter, 1976), and in many cases the changes in phenotype are minimal or at best incomplete, even when the muscles are stimulated for as much as 24·h·day -1 (Edgerton et al, 1996;Lewis et al, 1997;Pette et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, chronic electrical stimulation paradigms often result in fiber atrophy in muscles of control rats (Eisenberg et al, 1984) and are ineffective in maintaining the size of inactivated or unloaded muscles (Al Amood et al, 1991;Canon et al, 1998;Hennig and Lomo, 1987;Leterme and Falempin, 1994). In contrast, short bouts of load-bearing Daily activity levels of rat hindlimb muscles activity attenuate the loss of muscle mass associated with chronic periods of decreased neuromuscular activity (Roy et al, 1991c;Edgerton and Roy, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Does daily activity level determine muscle phenotype?

Hodgson

Roy

Higuchi

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY The activation level of a muscle is presumed to be a major determinant of many mechanical and phenotypic properties of its muscle fibers. However, the relationship between the daily activation levels of a muscle and these properties has not been well defined, largely because of the lack of accurate and sustained assessments of the spontaneous activity levels of the muscle. Therefore, we determined the daily activity levels of selected rat hindlimb muscles using intramuscular EMG recordings. To allow comparisons across muscles having varying activity levels and/or muscle fiber type compositions,we recorded EMG activity in a predominantly slow plantarflexor (soleus), a predominantly fast plantarflexor (medial gastrocnemius, MG), a predominantly fast ankle dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior, TA) and a predominantly fast knee extensor (vastus lateralis, VL) in six unanesthetized rats for periods of 24 h. EMG activity levels were correlated with the light:dark cycle, with peak activity levels occurring during the dark period. The soleus was the most active and the TA the least active muscle in all rats. Daily EMG durations were highest for soleus (11–15 h), intermediate for MG (5–9 h) and VL (3–14 h) and lowest for TA (2–3 h). Daily mean EMG amplitudes and integrated EMG levels in the soleus were two- to threefold higher than in the MG and VL and seven- to eightfold higher than in the TA. Despite the three- to fourfold difference in activation levels of the MG and VL vs the TA, all three predominantly fast muscles have been reported to have a similar, very low percentage of slow fibers. Comparing these relative EMG levels to the published fiber type profiles of these muscles yields a very poor relationship between daily activity level and fiber type composition in the same muscles across several species. Although it is clear that changing the levels of activity can modulate the expression of the myosin phenotype,these results indicate that factors other than activation must play critical roles in determining and maintaining normal phenotypic properties of skeletal muscle fibers.

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Section: Lack Of a Close Relationship Between Muscle Activity Level Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does daily activity level determine muscle phenotype?

Hodgson

Roy

Higuchi

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Studies to support this view are those in which chronic electrical stimulation at low frequency (1-10 Hz) changes the properties of fast-twitch muscles toward those of slow-twitch muscles [33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

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confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Adaptation to Microgravity Environment.

Ohira

2000

JJP

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The pattern of muscle activity influences the morphological, metabolic, and contractile properties of skeletal muscles. For example, the metabolic capacity of muscles is affected specifically by the type of exercise training [1][2][3]. Increased activity or over-loading by removing the synergists causes a compensatory hypertrophy [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Hypertrophy is also induced by the stretching of matured muscles in vivo [12,13] and cultured myotubes and fibroblasts [14][15][16][17]. Exercise-induced metabolic adaptation of muscles is lost when exercise training is stopped [18]. Further, muscle atrophy is induced by denervation [10,19], spinal cord transection [20], joint immobilization [21][22][23], tenotomy [24,25], spaceflight [26][27][28][29], and/or hindlimb suspension [29][30][31][32]. Most of these models are generally presumed to be models of reduced neuromuscular activity. But the level of use may not be the only factor involved in the atrophic process.There is a close association in the physiological, biochemical, and morphological properties between a motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates [1]. Studies to support this view are those in which chronic electrical stimulation at low frequency (1-10 Hz) changes the properties of fast-twitch muscles toward those of slow-twitch muscles [33][34][35][36][37][38].Some of the characteristics of muscle fibers are also altered following cross-innervation [39][40][41][42]. Buller et al. [40] suggested that the neural influence on muscle could be due to neurotrophic effect as well as via nerve impulses. Muscular Responses to Gravitational Unloading Morphological propertiesGravitational unloading by exposure to weightlessness [26][27][28][29][43][44][45][46][47] and/or its simulation model, hindlimb suspension [29][30][31][32][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56], causes rapid atrophy in muscles, such as soleus and adductor longus, that are composed predominantly of slow fibers. The cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of both slow-and fasttwitch fibers of rats were less after 14 d of spaceflight and hindlimb suspension than those in the agematched controls [29]. But the degree of atrophy was greater in slow-than fast-twitch fibers [28,29]. Therefore, muscles composed of predominantly slow fibers are more susceptible to atrophy [26,28, 47]. The weights of fast-twitch ankle dorsi-flexors, such as the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL), are also generally less after unloading than those of age-matched controls [31, 57]. But these were Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, 303-314, 2000 Key words: atrophy, fiber-type transformation, contractile properties, neural responses, microgravity.Abstract: Morphological and/or functional characteristics of skeletal muscles have a greater adaptability in response to changes in environmental stimuli. For example, an atrophy associated with a shift of fiber characteristics toward fast-twitch type is a common adaptation of antigravity muscle to a microgravity environment. Neuromuscular responses and ...

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“…Rabbit tibialis anterior muscle has been used widely as a model in previous conditioning experiments. [18][19][20][21][22] Anaesthesia was induced and maintained, 16 operation sites were shaved, disinfected and rabbits were positioned on thermostatically controlled heating pads and draped for surgical access. Pulse oximetry and oesophageal temperature probes were positioned and then each rabbit underwent tracheal intubation and ventilation with air at a minute volume of 1-1.2 l. Hydrogen boluses for tissue perfusion measurements were delivered at the tracheal inlet to minimise residual gases and recirculation in the anaesthetic circuit.…”

Section: 17mentioning

confidence: 99%

The nutrition of active muscle flaps

Greenbaum¹

2005

Ann R Coll Surg Engl

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In the last 25 years, techniques utilising muscle flaps to perform mechanical work have become part of the reconstructive surgeon's repertoire. In this paper, these techniques and the particular physiological challenges faced by active flaps are discussed and a sub-classification of muscle flaps into passive and active is proposed. A series of experiments are described that were designed to compare local pO 2 and gaseous perfusion, at multiple sites in pedicled tibialis anterior muscle flaps and controls, using specially developed dual amperometric microelectrodes, in an in vivo rabbit model. No significant difference in perfusion was found comparing flaps and controls until the flap's vascular pedicles were divided and ligated, and then flap perfusion fell to zero. Flap and control oxygenation varied significantly only during mobilisation and again, after pedicle division and ligation (F[13,55] = 12.3; P < 0.001)]. This absence of functional ischaemia as a consequence of mobilisation in the model used suggests the practice of delaying electrical conditioning of muscle flaps in dynamic cardiomyoplasty and neoanal sphincteroplasty might be unnecessary if these data are reproduced in human latissimus dorsi muscle. The relevance of these findings to free flap oxygen consumption and to the delay phenomenon is discussed.

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Restoration of fast muscle characteristics following cessation of chronic stimulation

Cited by 83 publications

References 26 publications

Does daily activity level determine muscle phenotype?

Does daily activity level determine muscle phenotype?

Neuromuscular Adaptation to Microgravity Environment.

The nutrition of active muscle flaps

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