Restoration of cultural heritage: evaluation of the compatibility between metals and sealing products

‘One‐Touch’ Voltammetry of Microparticles for the Identification of Corrosion Products in Archaeological Lead

“…With regard to the analysis of works of art, this procedure has to be considered, strictly, as (although to a low extent) invasive/destructive. A modification of this method, the graphite pencil methodology, first introduced by Blum et al [13] in the context of VMP studies and applied by Costa for analyzing metal artefacts [14,15], however, involves a less invasive handling of the sample. A variant of this technique permits the layer-by-layer analysis of corrosion products in archaeological metals, as reported elsewhere for in situ study of copper-based materials [16], similarly to the contact probe cell developed by Letardi et al [17,18] for a direct evaluation of protective coatings applied to metal surfaces.…”

Electrochemical analysis of metallic heritage artefacts: voltammetry of microparticles (VMP)

“…The use of VMP to provide diagnostic criteria on metal conservation has been described by Costa et al [54,82,111,112]. Recent studies involve evaluation of the compatibility between metals and sealing products [113], and analysis of bronze degradation processes in simulating archaeological soil media [114]. Combination of VMP data with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical noise has also been proposed for establishing electrochemical diagnostic criteria for metal conservation [115].…”