Restoration of Arctic–Alpine Ecosystems

Krautzer, B.; Uhlig, Christian; Wittmann, Helmut

doi:10.1002/9781118223130.ch15

Cited by 19 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…In agreement with Feucht et al . (), we consider that even if there is no doubt that a market for wild plant seeds is existing, the necessary efforts should be high to inform administrative bodies in nature conservation or stakeholders in landscape engineering about the positive results of using native plants (Krautzer & Wittmann, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Exploitation of Annual and Perennial Herbaceous Species for the Rehabilitation of a Sand Quarry in a Mediterranean Environment

Porqueddu

Sanna

et al. 2013

Land Degrad Dev

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Commercial seeds are widely used for re‐vegetation interventions in Mediterranean areas. These seeds mostly consist of species and varieties of non‐local provenance. The current practice relies mainly on forage or turf and fast growing species, even if it is often inefficient. Twenty‐two local populations or commercial varieties of annual and perennial species belonging to the botanical families Leguminosae, Graminaceae and Compositae were evaluated in a 4‐year field experiment in order to investigate their potential in terms of establishment and persistence in the re‐vegetation of an inactive sand quarry. Native species showed better performances than commercial varieties and encouraged further actions for the valorisation of local plant biodiversity. Among legumes, the best adapted species was the perennial Lotus cytisoides that showed high persistence in combination with other positive traits. A few annual species, that is, Melilotus indica, Trifolium subterraneum and Ornithopus sativus performed well and persisted until the end of the experiment. Among perennial grasses, Cynodon dactylon survived to drought and low soil nutrients. Both native annual grasses Lolium rigidum and Aegilops geniculata performed very well during the first 2 years of experiments. Both forbs, the perennial Cichorium intybus and the annual Chrysanthemum coronarium did not guarantee a satisfactory persistence. Some native species were evidenced, which may play an important role in the re‐vegetation of sand quarries and have good potential to be further characterized before introduction in the seed market. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Exploitation of Annual and Perennial Herbaceous Species for the Rehabilitation of a Sand Quarry in a Mediterranean Environment

Porqueddu

Sanna

et al. 2013

Land Degrad Dev

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“…When grassland restoration is applied in large areas (e.g. at least in several hectares), sowing densities of 20-45 kg/ha were used (Table 1); some cases much higher densities are suggested (80-500 kg/ha; if rapid recovery of grass-dominated swards is needed, see Krautzer and Wittman 2006). Increasing amounts of seeds often correspond with faster establishment of the target species (Lindborg 2006), but can also lead to higher rates of competition for resources among the sown species.…”

Section: Sowing Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grassland restoration on former croplands in Europe: an assessment of applicability of techniques and costs

et al. 2011

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Grasslands used to be vital landscape elements throughout Europe. Nowadays, the area of grasslands is dramatically reduced, especially in industrial countries. Grassland restoration is widely applied to increase the naturalness of the landscape and preserve biodiversity. We reviewed the most frequently used restoration techniques (spontaneous succession, sowing seed mixtures, transfer of plant material, topsoil removal and transfer) and techniques used to improve species richness (planting, grazing and mowing) to recover natural-like grasslands from ex-arable lands. We focus on the usefulness of methods in restoring biodiversity, their practical feasibility and costs. We conclude that the success of each technique depends on the site conditions, history, availability of propagules and/or donor sites, and on the budget and time available for restoration. Spontaneous succession can be an option for restoration when no rapid result is expected, and is likely to lead to the target in areas with high availability of propagules. Sowing low-diversity seed mixtures is recommended when we aim at to create basic grassland vegetation in large areas and/or in a short time. The compilation of high-diversity seed mixtures for large sites is rather difficult and expensive; thus, it may be applied rather on smaller areas. We recommend combining the two kinds of seed sowing methods by sowing low-diversity mixtures in a large area and high-diversity mixtures in small blocks to create species-rich source patches for the spontaneous colonization of nearby areas. When proper local hay sources are available, the restoration with plant material transfer can be a fast and effective method for restoration.

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“…Krautzer et al. ). In Norway, approximately 30% of the mainland is above or north of the climatic forest line (http://www.biodiversity.no); thus restoration of vegetation by seeding is often necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ecosystems at high latitudes and altitudes are especially vulnerable to human interference. Due to short growing seasons, low temperatures and often dry and nutrient-poor soils, the natural process of revegetation may take decades (Krautzer et al 2012). Consequently, erosion may often exceed damaging effects of the initial anthropogenic disturbances (Vasil'evskaya et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What's the meaning of local? Using molecular markers to define seed transfer zones for ecological restoration in Norway

Jørgensen

Elameen

Hofman

et al. 2016

Evolutionary Applications

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According to the Norwegian Diversity Act, practitioners of restoration in Norway are instructed to use seed mixtures of local provenance. However, there are no guidelines for how local seed should be selected. In this study, we use genetic variation in a set of alpine species (Agrostis mertensii, Avenella flexuosa, Carex bigelowii, Festuca ovina, Poa alpina and Scorzoneroides autumnalis) to define seed transfer zones to reduce confusion about the definition of ‘local seeds’. The species selected for the study are common in all parts of Norway and suitable for commercial seed production. The sampling covered the entire alpine region (7–20 populations per species, 3–15 individuals per population). We characterised genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. We identified different spatial genetic diversity structures in the species, most likely related to differences in reproductive strategies, phylogeographic factors and geographic distribution. Based on results from all species, we suggest four general seed transfer zones for alpine Norway. This is likely more conservative than needed for all species, given that no species show more than two genetic groups. Even so, the approach is practical as four seed mixtures will serve the need for restoration of vegetation in alpine regions in Norway.

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Restoration of Arctic–Alpine Ecosystems

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Exploitation of Annual and Perennial Herbaceous Species for the Rehabilitation of a Sand Quarry in a Mediterranean Environment

Exploitation of Annual and Perennial Herbaceous Species for the Rehabilitation of a Sand Quarry in a Mediterranean Environment

Grassland restoration on former croplands in Europe: an assessment of applicability of techniques and costs

What's the meaning of local? Using molecular markers to define seed transfer zones for ecological restoration in Norway

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