Restoration of a Critical Mandibular Bone Defect Using Human Alveolar Bone-Derived Stem Cells and Porous Nano-HA/Collagen/PLA Scaffold

Abstract

Periodontal bone defects occur in a wide variety of clinical situations. Adult stem cell- and biomaterial-based bone tissue regeneration are a promising alternative to natural bone grafts. Recent evidence has demonstrated that two populations of adult bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) can be distinguished based on their embryonic origins. These BMSCs are not interchangeable, as bones preferentially heal using cells that share the same embryonic origin. However, the feasibility of tissue engineering using human craniofacial BMSCs was unclear. The goal of this study was to explore human craniofacial BMSC-based therapy for the treatment of localized mandibular defects using a standardized, minimally invasive procedure. The BMSCs' identity was confirmed. Scanning electron microscopy, a cell proliferation assay, and supernatant detection indicated that the nHAC/PLA provided a suitable environment for aBMSCs. Real-time PCR and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays demonstrated that osteogenic markers were upregulated by osteogenic preinduction. Moreover, in a rabbit critical-size mandibular bone defect model, total bone formation in the nHAC/PLA + aBMSCs group was significantly higher than in the nHAC/PLA group but significantly lower than in the nHAC/PLA + preinduced aBMSCs. These findings demonstrate that this engineered bone is a valid alternative for the correction of mandibular bone defects.

Nanomaterials in Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration: A Review

“…Similarly, segmental bone defects in the oral maxillofacial region-a condition that arises through trauma, infection, tumor resection or osteoradionecrosis-can also be addressed, given a sufficient amount of alveolar process. To facilitate such repairs, autogenous bone grafts (autografts) have been the gold standard in bone regeneration [59]. While serving as a scaffold for bone formation, autografts also contain bone-forming cells and bioactive substances that induce new bone formation.…”

“…In a study by Wang et al, they showed that as the ratio of collagen to nHA increased, the mechanical property of the scaffold decreased but could increase the rate of bone tissue formation [67]. Another group, Wang et al, studied the effects of nHA/collagen/PLA composite scaffolds with human alveolar BMSCs and determined that they could be used to successfully correct mandibular bone defects, while Zhou et al improved the osteogenesis activity of nHA/recombinant human-like collagen/PLA scaffolds with the addition of a polydopamine-assisted BMP-2-derived peptide [59,68].…”

Anisotropic mineralized collagen scaffolds accelerate osteogenic response in a glycosaminoglycan-dependent fashion

“…Mineralized collagen scaffolds are composed of the natural components of bone (type I collagen, calcium and phosphate ions, glycosaminoglycans), are highly porous, and have been shown to promote mineral formation in vitro without osteogenic supplements and produce bone in vivo. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The scale of critical sized defects is a challenge to these and other biomaterial approaches, which demand designs to improve cell invasion, proliferation, and mineral biosynthesis activity. Current clinical strategies oen use large exogenous doses of growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenic protein 2, BMP-2), 18 that have signicant complications such as ectopic bone formation, resorption of adjacent bone, and maxillary growth disorders.…”

Anisotropic mineralized collagen scaffolds accelerate osteogenic response in a glycosaminoglycan-dependent fashion

“…Other biomaterial strategies seek to overcome these limitations, and one such material of interest is mineralized collagen. Mineralized collagen scaffolds are composed of the natural components of bone (type I collagen, calcium and phosphate ions, glycosaminoglycans), are highly porous, and have been shown to promote mineral formation in vitro without osteogenic supplements and produce bone in vivo [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . The scale of critical sized defects is a challenge to these and other biomaterial approaches, which demand designs to improve cell invasion, proliferation, and mineral biosynthesis activity.…”