Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease

Rijsman, Roselyne M.; Schoolderman, Louise F.; Rundervoort, Rob S.; Louter, Maartje

doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(13)70004-x

Cited by 64 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Only one study assessed PLMS in early Parkinson's disease and reported no differences in the PLM-Index between untreated patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls [14]. The prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS), systematically reviewed in 18 Parkinson's disease cohorts by Rijsman et al [49] varies between 0 and 50%, although rates close to zero were reported solely in the Asian population. For RLS, most of the studies showed no increased frequency before the onset of Parkinson's disease motor signs [50,51], despite other findings in some earlier reports [52].…”

Section: Periodic Limb Movements In Sleep-restless Legs Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-wake disturbances in the premotor and early stage of Parkinson's disease

Bargiotas

Schuepbach

Bassetti

2016

Current Opinion in Neurology

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Purpose of reviewReview of recent literature pertaining to frequency, associations, mechanisms, and overall significance of sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) in the premotor and early phase of Parkinson's disease.Recent findings SWD are frequent in Parkinson's disease and their prevalence increases with disease progression. Recent studies confirm previous findings that SWD can appear as initial manifestation of Parkinson's disease even decades before motor signs appear and highlight their clinical associations in these early stages. More intriguingly, new evidence underpins their role as risk factors, predictors, or even as driving force for the neurodegenerative process. As our understanding of sleep-wake neurobiology increases, new hypotheses emerge concerning the pathophysiology of SWD in early Parkinson's disease stages involving dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms. INTRODUCTIONSleep-wake disturbances (SWD) are frequent in Parkinson's disease and are typically attributed to Parkinson's disease medications, poor sleep hygiene, and other nonmotor symptoms (NMS) such as nocturnal akinesia, pain, cramping, and nycturia. Over the past decade, notable advances have been made in the understanding of the role of the dopaminergic system in circadian mechanisms and sleep-wake physiology [1]. In addition, nondopaminergic systems are involved early in the pathogenesis of SWD in Parkinson's disease [2,3]. These findings suggest that SWD are no longer solely a complication of advanced PD but can emerge, among other NMS, in the premotor stages as a primary manifestation of neurodegeneration [4] and increase in frequency with Parkinson's disease progression (Fig. 1). Considering the importance of early diagnosis and intervention, the possibility that SWD may have prognostic value for the development of Parkinson's disease is intriguing.This review will discuss first the most recent literature on SWD in the context of premotor and early stage of Parkinson's disease and then important recent evidence on the pathophysiology of SWD in early Parkinson's disease. SUBJECTIVE SLEEP DISTURBANCES/ INSOMNIATwo thirds of patients with Parkinson's disease report poor sleep quality [5], many of them very early in the course of the disease [6,7]. Recent studies confirm the high prevalence of subjective sleep disturbances in the early stages of Parkinson's disease and highlight their association with low quality of life [8,9&& ,10 && ] and other NMS such as global cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression and nocturia [8]. Individuals later diagnosed with

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Section: Periodic Limb Movements In Sleep-restless Legs Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-wake disturbances in the premotor and early stage of Parkinson's disease

Bargiotas

Schuepbach

Bassetti

2016

Current Opinion in Neurology

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“…The prevalence of RLS varied significantly across populations and the association of RLS with PD has been confirmed in some studies, supporting the hypothesis that RLS is part of the clinical profile of PD [28] but not in others [29] . A prospective study from the United States [30] reported an increase of 20.8% increased risk of experiencing RLS in patients with PD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease: A Population-Based Study in Primary Care in Italy

et al. 2016

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Background: There are no studies on prevalence, incidence and comorbidities of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the Italian population. Methods: The database of 700 Italian general practitioners (population, 923,356) was investigated. All patients with International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision - Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis of PD during the period 2002-2012 were included. Parkinsonisms were excluded. Clinical conditions preceding PD were identified through ICD-9-CM codes. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used. PD crude and standardized prevalence and annual incidence were calculated. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated for comorbidities. Results: A total of 2,204 patients (1,140 men, 1,064 women, age 22-95 years) were included. The crude prevalence of PD was 239/100,000. Prevalence increased exponentially with age. Standardized prevalence was 233 (95% CI 232-235). One hundred ninety-four patients were newly diagnosed, giving a crude incidence of 22/100,000 and a standardized incidence of 23.1/100,000 (95% CI 22.9-23.2). Incidence increased steadily until age 75-84 years and then decreased. Older age, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, and restless-legs syndrome were associated with increased PD risk and smoking and hypersomnia with decreased PD risk. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was associated with PD risk with a documented gradient. Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of PD in Italy are in line with studies with the highest case ascertainment. PD risk varies with the number and type of comorbidities.

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“…RLS-like symptoms in PD can be confounded by a variety of conditions including PD-specific or PD-non-specific mimics [1]. It is important to distinguish RLS in PD from its mimics since different option may differ.…”

Section: Rls Mimics In Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous prevalence studies showed an association of the two conditions with various reported incidence that varied from 0% to 50% often considered as due to ethnic differences [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, most of the previous studied didn't exclude secondary RLS [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%