Restless legs syndrome: a comprehensive overview on its epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment

Yeh, Paul; Walters, Arthur S.; Tsuang, John

doi:10.1007/s11325-011-0606-x

Cited by 156 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…RLS studies in adults have shown a higher prevalence in women; however, in a study of 10,523 children and adolescents, RLS rates were not different between males and females [17,21]. In adults, a higher rate of RLS in Caucasians has been shown in some studies, while other studies have shown no significant difference [22,23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Restless legs syndrome in children with chronic kidney disease

et al. 2013

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Restless legs syndrome in children with chronic kidney disease

et al. 2013

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“…1 RLS is diagnosed by the presence of an urge to move the limbs (typically the legs), which is usually but not necessarily accompanied by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations. This urge to move will develop and intensify in periods of inactivity, worsen in the evening or night, is alleviated by some form of movement (such as stretching one's legs or walking), and is not solely accounted for by another medical or behavioral diagnosis (such as arthritis or leg cramps).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth and Distribution of Symptoms in Restless Legs Syndrome/ Willis-Ekbom Disease

Yeh

Ondo

Picchietti

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Study Objectives: To determine the depth and distribution of sensory discomfort in idiopathic restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS) and RLS concurrent with other leg conditions, specifically peripheral neuropathy, sciatica, leg cramps, and arthritis. Methods: RLS subjects (n = 122) were divided into 71 idiopathic RLS and 51 RLS-C, or Comorbid, groups. All subjects were examined by an RLS expert, answered standardized RLS questionnaires, and received a body diagram to draw the location and depth of their symptoms. Results: Age was 63.04 ± 12.84 years, with 77 females and 45 males. All patients had lower limb involvement and 43/122 (35.25%) also had upper limb involvement. Of the 122 subjects, 42.62% felt that the RLS discomfort was only deep, 9.84% felt that the discomfort was only superficial, and 47.54% felt both superficial and deep discomfort. There were no defining characteristics in depth or distribution of RLS sensations that differentiated those patients with idiopathic RLS from those patients with RLS associated with other comorbid leg conditions. The sensation of arthritis was felt almost exclusively in the joints and not in the four quadrants of the leg, whereas the exact opposite was true of RLS sensations. Conclusions: Depth and distribution cannot be used as a discriminative mechanism to separate out idiopathic RLS from RLS comorbid with other leg conditions. Although seen in clinical practice, the total absence of patients with non-painful RLS only in the joints in the current study attests to the rarity of this presentation and raises the possibility of misdiagnosis under these circumstances. We recommend that such patients not be admitted to genetic or epidemiological studies.

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“…RLS affects &5-15 % of adults across Northern, Western and Southern European countries, and is sufficiently severe to require medical intervention in 2.5 % of cases [4]. RLS prevalence is higher in women than in men, and increases with increasing age [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxycodone/Naloxone PR: A Review in Severe Refractory Restless Legs Syndrome

Frampton

2015

CNS Drugs

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An oral, fixed-dose combination of prolonged-release (PR) oxycodone with PR naloxone (Targin(®), Targiniq(®), Targinact(®); hereafter referred to as oxycodone/naloxone PR) is approved in Europe for the second-line symptomatic treatment of patients with severe to very severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS), after failure of dopaminergic therapy. Coadministration of naloxone represents a targeted approach to counteracting opioid-induced bowel dysfunction without compromising therapeutic efficacy; because of its very low oral bioavailability, naloxone blocks the action of oxycodone at opioid receptors locally in the gut. The efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone PR in patients with severe RLS inadequately controlled by previous (mainly dopaminergic) treatment has been demonstrated in RELOXYN, a 12-week, randomized, double-blind study with a 40-week open-label extension. In this pivotal study, oxycodone/naloxone PR significantly improved RLS symptoms compared with placebo from week 2 onwards; a beneficial effect of oxycodone/naloxone PR was maintained through 1 year of treatment. Furthermore, improvements in RLS symptoms in oxycodone/naloxone PR recipients were accompanied by similarly sustained improvements in disease-specific quality of life and subjective sleep variables. Oxycodone/naloxone PR was generally well tolerated, with a treatment-related adverse event profile (e.g. gastrointestinal disorders, CNS disorders, fatigue and pruritus) that was consistent with that expected for opioid therapy. Notably, there were no confirmed cases of augmentation among oxycodone/naloxone PR recipients throughout the course of the study. Results from the well-designed RELOXYN trial have thus demonstrated the value of oxycodone/naloxone PR as a second-line therapy for severe refractory RLS; further investigation of this combination product as a first-line treatment for severe RLS is now warranted.

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Restless legs syndrome: a comprehensive overview on its epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment

Abstract: Clinicians' understanding of RLS enigma has recently improved due to the increased intensity of RLS research over the past decade. This review summarizes the current findings in the RLS field as well as providing guidelines for future RLS-related research.

Cited by 156 publications

References 207 publications

Restless legs syndrome in children with chronic kidney disease

Restless legs syndrome in children with chronic kidney disease

Depth and Distribution of Symptoms in Restless Legs Syndrome/ Willis-Ekbom Disease

Oxycodone/Naloxone PR: A Review in Severe Refractory Restless Legs Syndrome

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