Resting state glutamate predicts elevated pre-stimulus alpha during self-relatedness: A combined EEG-MRS study on “rest-self overlap”

Bai, Yu; Nakao, Takashi; Xu, Jiameng; Qin, Pengmin; Chaves, Pedro; Heinzel, Alexander; Duncan, Niall W.; Lane, Timothy Joseph; Yen, Nai-Shing; Tsai, Shau‐Wei; Northoff, Georg

doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1072582

Cited by 65 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The possibility that dACC Glu may modulate such aspects of brain function is consistent with prior work. Specifically, heightened Glu in more rostral regions of the ACC, influenced an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure of resting brain function, as well as the perceived self-relatedness of stimuli (Bai et al, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate is associated with engagement of the default mode network during exposure to smoking cues

Janes

Betts

Jensen

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background When exposed to smoking cues, nicotine dependent individuals activate brain regions overlapping with the default mode network (DMN), a network of regions involved in internally-focused cognition. The salience network (SN), which includes the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), is thought to interact with the DMN and aids in directing attention toward salient internal or external stimuli. One possibility is that neurochemical variation in SN regions such as the dACC impact DMN reactivity to personally relevant stimuli such as smoking cues. This is consistent with emerging evidence suggesting an association between midline cortical glutamate (Glu) and activity in brain regions overlapping with the DMN. Methods In 18 nicotine-dependent individuals, we assessed the relationship between DMN activation to smoking relative to neutral cues using functional magnetic resonance imaging and dACC Glu as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This association also was tested in a replication sample of 14 nicotine-dependent participants. Results Not only was the DMN significantly less suppressed during smoking cue exposure, but also there was a positive association between DMN reactivity to smoking relative to neutral cues and dACC Glu (r = 0.56, p < 0.02). This finding was confirmed in the independent replication cohort (r = 0.64, p < 0.02). Conclusions The current findings confirm that the DMN is less suppressed when smokers view smoking relative to neutral cues, suggesting that smoking cues engage self-relevant processing. Furthermore, these results indicate that dACC Glu is associated with enhanced DMN engagement when nicotine-dependent individuals are exposed to self-relevant smoking cues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate is associated with engagement of the default mode network during exposure to smoking cues

Janes

Betts

Jensen

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…Importantly, levels of glutamate, its metabolite glutamine (collectively denoted as Glx), and GABA in the living human brain show considerable inter-individual differences among healthy subjects. [34][35][36] This variability is even greater along the whole spectrum from healthy to clinical conditions, such as schizophrenia and autism, 37,38 which are associated with abnormally increased E/I ratio. [39][40][41] Importantly, genetic association studies of schizophrenia and autism 42,43 suggest that some of the variability in the E/I balance may be genetically driven.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Neural “Tuning Curve” for Multisensory Experience and Cognitive-Perceptual Schizotypy

Ferri

Nikolova

Perrucci

et al. 2017

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Our coherent perception of external events is enabled by the integration of inputs from different senses occurring within a range of temporal offsets known as the temporal binding window (TBW), which varies from person to person. A relatively wide TBW may increase the likelihood that stimuli originating from different environmental events are erroneously integrated and abnormally large TBW has been found in psychiatric disorders characterized by unusual perceptual experiences. Despite strong evidence of inter-individual differences in TBW, both within clinical and nonclinical populations, the neurobiological underpinnings of this variability remain unclear. We adopted an integrated strategy linking TBW to temporal dynamics in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-resting-state activity and cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. E/I balance was indexed by glutamate/Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA) concentrations and common variation in glutamate and GABA genes in a healthy sample. Stronger resting-state longrange temporal correlations, indicated by larger power law exponent (PLE), in the auditory cortex, robustly predicted narrower audio-tactile TBW, which was in turn associated with lower cognitive-perceptual schizotypy. Furthermore, PLE was highest and TBW narrowest for individuals with intermediate levels of E/I balance, with shifts towards either extreme resulting in reduced multisensory temporal precision and increased schizotypy, effectively forming a neural "tuning curve" for multisensory experience and schizophrenia risk. Our findings shed light on the neurobiological underpinnings of multisensory integration and its potentially clinically relevant inter-individual variability.

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“…To support this claim, we consider the empirical data in both fMRI [14,45,88,89] and EEG/MEG [2,8,11,66], which show that the amplitude and/or variance of pre-stimulus activity plays a major role in whether the subsequent stimulus and its respective contents becomes conscious or not. Typically, high pre-stimulus activity levels, e.g., high amplitude or variance, are more likely to allow for associating contents with consciousness than low pre-stimulus activity levels.…”

Section: Categories In Ttcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematics and the brain –a category theoretic approach to go beyond the neural correlates of consciousness

Northoff

Tsuchiya

Saigo

2019

Preprint

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Consciousness is a central issue in cognitive neuroscience. To explain the relationship between consciousness and its neural correlates, various theories have been proposed. We still lack a formal framework that can address the nature of the relationship between consciousness and its physical substrates though. Here, we provide a novel mathematical framework of Category Theory (CT), in which we can define and study the "sameness" between "different" domains of phenomena such as consciousness and its neural substrates. CT was designed and developed to deal with the "relationships" between various domains of phenomena. We introduce three concepts of CT including (i) category; (ii) inclusion functor and expansion functor; and (iii) natural transformation between the functors. Each of these mathematical concepts is related to specific features in the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC). In this novel framework, we will examine two of the major theories of consciousness: integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness and temporo-spatial theory of consciousness (TTC). These theories concern the structural relationships among structures of physical substrates and subjective experiences. The three CT-based concepts, introduced in this paper, unravel some basic issues in our search for the NCC; while addressing the same questions, we show that IIT and TTC provide different albeit complementary answers. Importantly, our account suggests that we need to go beyond a traditional concept of NCC including both content-specific and full NCC. We need to shift our focus from the relationship between "one" neuronal and "one" phenomenal state to the relationship between a structure of neural states and a structure of phenomenal states. We conclude that CT unravels and highlights basic questions about the NCC in general which needs to be met and addressed by any future neuroscientific theory of consciousness. Author summaryNeuroscience has made considerable progress in uncovering the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC). At the same time, recent studies demonstrated the complexity of the neuronal mechanisms underlying consciousness. To make further progress in the neuroscience of consciousness, we need proper mathematical formalization of the neuronal mechanisms potentially underlying consciousness. Providing a first tentative attempt, our paper addresses both by (i) pointing out the specific problems of and proposing a new approach to go beyond the traditional approach of the neural correlates of consciousness, and (ii) by recruiting a recently popular mathematical formalization, category theory (CT). With CT, we provide mathematical formalization of the broader neural correlates of consciousness by its application to two of the major theories, integrated information theory (IIT) and temporo-spatial theory of consciousness (TTC). Together, our CT-based mathematical formalization of the neural correlates of consciousness including its specification in the terms of IIT and TTC allows to go beyond the current concept of ...

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Resting state glutamate predicts elevated pre-stimulus alpha during self-relatedness: A combined EEG-MRS study on “rest-self overlap”

Cited by 65 publications

References 54 publications

Dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate is associated with engagement of the default mode network during exposure to smoking cues

Dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate is associated with engagement of the default mode network during exposure to smoking cues

A Neural “Tuning Curve” for Multisensory Experience and Cognitive-Perceptual Schizotypy

Mathematics and the brain –a category theoretic approach to go beyond the neural correlates of consciousness

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