Resting Metabolic Rate Does Not Change in Response to Different Types of Training in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Background and objectivesAmbiguous results have been reported regarding the effects of training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), and the importance of training type and intensity is unclear. Moreover, studies in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are sparse. In this study, we evaluated the effects of interval and continuous training on RMR in subjects with T2D. Furthermore, we explored the determinants for training-induced alterations in RMR.MethodsData from two studies, both including T2D subjects, were encompassed in this manuscript. Study 1 was a randomized, crossover study where subjects (n = 14) completed three, 2-week interventions [control, continuous walking training (CWT), interval-walking training (IWT)] separated by washout periods. Training included 10 supervised treadmill sessions, 60 min/session. CWT was performed at moderate walking speed [aiming for 73% of walking peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)], while IWT was performed as alternating 3-min repetitions at slow (54% VO2peak) and fast (89% VO2peak) walking speed. Study 2 was a single-arm training intervention study where subjects (n = 23) were prescribed 12 weeks of free-living IWT (at least 3 sessions/week, 30 min/session). Before and after interventions, RMR, physical fitness, body composition, and glycemic control parameters were assessed.ResultsNo overall intervention-induced changes in RMR were seen across the studies, but considerable inter-individual differences in RMR changes were seen in Study 2. At baseline, total body mass (TBM), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass were all associated with RMR. Changes in RMR were associated with changes in TBM and fat mass, and subjects who decreased body mass and fat mass also decreased their RMR. No associations were seen between changes in physical fitness, glycemic control, or FFM and changes in RMR.ConclusionNeither short-term continuous or interval-type training, nor longer term interval training affects RMR in subjects with T2D when no overall changes in body composition are seen. If training occurs concomitant with a reduction in fat mass, however, RMR is decreased.Clinical Trials Registration ()NCT02320526 and NCT02089477.

Effect of ecological momentary assessment, goal-setting and personalized phone-calls on adherence to interval walking training using the InterWalk application among patients with type 2 diabetes—A pilot randomized controlled trial

“…Results from the trial are reported in line with the CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines : extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials (CONSORT guidelines, S3 File) [34]. Other data from this study have previously been published [35,36], but no data on the primary outcome, usability or feasibility reported in this report was disclosed, nor were the group allocations. Flow of participants is presented in Fig 1.…”

The effect of exercise interventions on resting metabolic rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Most of the studies were a parallel study design except for one crossover study design (Kirk et al, 2009). The majority of studies were conducted in overweight/obese populations that were predominantly sedentary (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Bonfante et al, 2017;Bonfanti et al, 2014;Byrne & Wilmore, 2001;Frey-Hewitt et al, 1990;Gornall & Villani, 1996;Hunter et al, 2015;Jennings et al, 2009;Karstoft et al, 2017;Kirk et al, 2009;Kraemer et al, 1999;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Rehová et al, 2007;Whatley et al, 1994), two in type-2 diabetic populations (Jennings et al, 2009;Karstoft et al, 2017), one in a population with metabolic syndrome (Bonfanti et al, 2014), several in predominantly normal-weight and/or healthy sedentary populations (Arciero et al, 2006;Cullinen & Caldwell, 1998;Gomersall et al, 2016;Goran et al, 1994;Lee et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2018;Scharhag-Rosenberger et al, 2014) and one in active, healthy populations (Arciero et al, 2001). All studies captured were in adult populations, with several predominately focussing on females (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Byrne & Wilmore, 2001;Cullinen & Caldwell, 1998;Gornall & Villani, 1996;Hunter et al, 2015;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Miller et al, 2018;Rehová et al, 2007;Whatley et al, 1994), males…”

“…Several interventions were exercise only; with either a predominant focus on aerobic exercise (Frey-Hewitt et al, 1990;Karstoft et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2009), resistance exercise (Bonfante et al, 2017;Byrne & Wilmore, 2001;Cullinen & Caldwell, 1998;Kirk et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2018;Scharhag-Rosenberger et al, 2014) or a combination of both exercise modalities (Gomersall et al, 2016;Jennings et al, 2009). Many studies used a combined dietary and exercise intervention; with four studies using predominantly aerobic exercise (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Arciero et al, 2006;Bonfanti et al, 2014;Goran et al, 1994), two in resistance exercise (Arciero et al, 2001;Gornall & Villani, 1996) and five using a combination of both exercise modes (Hunter et al, 2015;Kraemer et al, 1999;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Rehová et al, 2007;Whatley et al, 1994).…”

“…Many studies used a combined dietary and exercise intervention; with four studies using predominantly aerobic exercise (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Arciero et al, 2006;Bonfanti et al, 2014;Goran et al, 1994), two in resistance exercise (Arciero et al, 2001;Gornall & Villani, 1996) and five using a combination of both exercise modes (Hunter et al, 2015;Kraemer et al, 1999;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Rehová et al, 2007;Whatley et al, 1994). The shortest intervention was 10 days (Goran et al, 1994); while several studies were conducted over 2-6 weeks (Arciero et al, 2001;Gomersall et al, 2016;Gornall & Villani, 1996;Karstoft et al, 2017;Rehová et al, 2007). The majority of interventions were conducted over 12 weeks (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Arciero et al, 2006;Bonfanti et al, 2014;Cullinen & Caldwell, 1998;Kraemer et al, 1999;Lee et al, 2009;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Whatley et al, 1994) while several longer interventions spanned 20-24 weeks (Bonfante et al, 2017;Byrne & Wilmore, 2001;Jennings et al, 2009;Kirk et al, 2009) and the longest study intervention was 12 months (Frey-Hewitt et al, 1990).…”

“…The majority of interventions were conducted over 12 weeks (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Arciero et al, 2006;Bonfanti et al, 2014;Cullinen & Caldwell, 1998;Kraemer et al, 1999;Lee et al, 2009;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Whatley et al, 1994) while several longer interventions spanned 20-24 weeks (Bonfante et al, 2017;Byrne & Wilmore, 2001;Jennings et al, 2009;Kirk et al, 2009) and the longest study intervention was 12 months (Frey-Hewitt et al, 1990). While some studies did not measure or report body composition assessments (Bonfanti et al, 2014;Gomersall et al, 2016); the majority of studies used Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) (Akbulut & Rakiciogu, 2012;Arciero et al, 2006Arciero et al, , 2001Gornall & Villani, 1996;Hunter et al, 2015;Karstoft et al, 2017;Kirk et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2018), anthropometry/skinfolds (Bonfante et al, 2017;Cullinen & Caldwell, 1998;Rehová et al, 2007;Scharhag-Rosenberger et al, 2014), hydrostatic weighing, underwater weighing/air-displacement plethysmography (Byrne & Wilmore, 2001;Frey-Hewitt et al, 1990;Goran et al, 1994;Kraemer et al, 1999;Lee et al, 2009;Whatley et al, 1994) or bio-electrical impedance (BIA) (Jennings et al, 2009;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007).…”