Resting Energy Expenditure in the Elderly: Systematic Review and Comparison of Equations in an Experimental Population

Abstract

Elderly patients are at risk of malnutrition and need an appropriate assessment of energy requirements. Predictive equations are widely used to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE). In the study, we conducted a systematic review of REE predictive equations in the elderly population and compared them in an experimental population. Studies involving subjects older than 65 years of age that evaluated the performance of a predictive equation vs. a gold standard were included. The retrieved equations were then tested on a sample of 88 elderly subjects enrolled in an Italian nursing home to evaluate the agreement among the estimated REEs. The agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A web application, equationer, was developed to calculate all the estimated REEs according to the available variables. The review identified 68 studies (210 different equations). The agreement among the equations in our sample was higher for equations with fewer parameters, especially those that included body weight, ICC = 0.75 (95% CI = 0.69–0.81). There is great heterogeneity among REE estimates. Such differences should be considered and evaluated when estimates are applied to particularly fragile populations since the results have the potential to impact the patient’s overall clinical outcome.

Dietary Adequacy in Older Adult Nursing Home Residents of the Northern Iberian Peninsula

“…These results are similar to those found in this study for men (0.97 and 0.98 g protein/kg BW in Spanish and Portuguese residents, respectively) and Spanish women (1.1 g protein/kg BW), but higher than those found in Portuguese women (0.88 g protein/kg BW). In contrast, total protein intake per day was higher in Spain and Portugal as in other studies [ 21 , 22 , 25 , 40 ]. In another study from the Mediterranean area of Spain [ 41 ], carried out with adults over 65 years of age, NH residents’ mean protein intake was 71.4 g/day.…”

The effect of intermittent fasting on preventing obesity-related early aging from a molecular and cellular perspective

“…Total energy expenditure (TEE) may decrease with aging owing to reductions in BMR and physical activity. The estimated TEE, derived from the estimated energy requirement (EER), also called energy expenditure estimation (EEE), relies heavily on an individual’s BMR or RMR [ 82 ]. IF has been shown to influence metabolism by increasing adiponectin levels, which can further activate AMPK and PGC-1α, leading to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis.…”

Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis for Treating Secondary Lower Limb Lymphedema in Older Patients—A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…However, of all of the reported factors, only high body mass index (BMI) [ 5 , 6 ] and low physical activity levels [ 5 , 7 ] can be modified. In addition to being a risk factor, aging is a known contributor to reduced physical activities [ 8 ] and decreased energy expenditure [ 9 , 10 ], thereby increasing BMI [ 11 ] and elevating the risk of lymphedema among older patients.…”