“…Assessing the levels of consumer ethnocentrism is fundamentally important to consumer and strategic decision making in the global marketplace in that it could provide decision makers with an "indication as to where standardization is possible and specialization necessary" (Keillor et al 1996, p. 58). Consumer ethnocentrism is also important to global positioning (Magnusson et al 2014;Nijssen and Douglas 2011;Westjohn, Singh, and Magnusson 2012), global branding (Alden et al 2013;Guo 2013), market entry mode decisions (Fong, Lee, and Du 2014), and the The operationalization of the construct is based on the widely used consumer ethnocentrism tendencies scale (CETSCALE; Shimp and Sharma 1987), which also raises significant concerns about the applicability and generalizability of the measurement. In addition to the dimensionality problem highlighted in extant literature, several scholars have associated the CETSCALE with social desirability bias and response style bias (De Ruyter, Van Birgelen, and Wetzels 1998;Hult and Keillor 1994).…”