Responses to the Stigmatized: Disjunctions in Affect, Cognitions, and Behavior

Bromgard, Gregg; Stephan, Walter G.

doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00111.x

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with studies showing that intergroup anxiety is positively correlated with avoidance of outgroup members (Barlow et al, 2010;Bromgard & Stephan, 2006;Duronto, Nishida, & Nakayama, 2005).…”

Section: Behavioral Consequencessupporting

confidence: 92%

Intergroup Anxiety

Stephan

2014

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

Self Cite

307

183

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This article reviews studies of intergroup anxiety and places them in the context of a theoretical model that specifies categories of antecedents and consequences of intergroup anxiety. It is proposed that intergroup anxiety is comprised of three interrelated components: an affective component, a cognitive component, and a physiological component. The potential causes of intergroup anxiety include personality traits (e.g., social dominance orientation, attributional complexity), attitudes and related cognitions (e.g., negative expectations, stereotypes), personal experience (e.g., negative contact), and situational factors (e.g., the presence of linguistic barriers, structured vs. unstructured interactions). The potential consequences include attitudes and other cognitions (e.g., stereotypes, negative expectations), affect (e.g., fear, anger), and behavior (e.g., avoidance, negative behaviors). Theory and research on the reduction of intergroup anxiety (e.g., intergroup contact, direct or indirect cross-group friendships) are also presented. The discussion explores the implications of these studies for theory, research, and practice.

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Section: Behavioral Consequencessupporting

confidence: 92%

Intergroup Anxiety

Stephan

2014

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

Self Cite

307

183

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“…Negative first impressions may reduce the willingness of a social partner to pursue and progress a social relationship (Bromgard & Stephan, 2006), evoke avoidance behaviours (Blascovitch, Mendes, Hunter & Lickel, 2000) and 'cold' responses (Wood et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in the First Impressions of Autistic Adults

Cage

Burton

2019

Autism Research

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Prior research has shown that less favourable first impressions are formed of autistic adults by non-autistic observers. Autistic females may present differently to autistic males and could engage in more camouflaging behaviours, which could affect these first impressions.However, research has not yet tested for gender differences in the first impressions of autistic adults. In the current study, non-autistic observers (n = 205) viewed either 10-second video clips or text transcripts in the context of a mock job interview by ten autistic females and ten autistic males, matched to ten non-autistic females and ten non-autistic males. They then rated each stimuli on personality traits (e.g. awkwardness) and behavioural intentions (e.g. "I would start a conversation with this person"). Non-autistic observers were blind to diagnostic status of the individuals in either modality. Results showed that first impressions were less favourable overall of autistic adults in the video modality. Further, autistic females were rated more favourably than autistic males in the video modality across most traitsbut autistic females were also rated less favourably than both non-autistic females and males. Some judgements were also made in the text modality, whereby more favourable first impressions were made of autistic males on the basis of speech content. Understanding the first impressions that both autistic females and males make has important implications for diagnostic services and employment prospects. Lay SummaryPast research has found that non-autistic people tend to form more negative first impressions of autistic people. However, we do not know how an individual's gender might influence these first impressions. It is important to understand this because autistic males and females may experience different judgements based on their gender, and this could affect diagnosis and employment prospects for autistic men and women. In the current research, an experiment tested first impressions whereby non-autistic people rated people they saw in videos or they read transcripts of what the person said. They did not know that some of the people they were rating were autistic. The findings showed that autistic women were judged more favourably than autistic men, however, both autistic women and men were rated less positively than non-autistic men and women. In fact, some of the biggest differences were between judgements of autistic females in comparison to non-autistic females. These findings suggest that non-autistic people do make gender-based judgements of autistic people, and still form better first impressions of non-autistic people.

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“…Dijker, Koomen, van den Heuvel, & Frijda, 1996). Participants' concerns are affected by the topic of conversation (Trawalter & Richeson, 2008) and the intimacy of the encounter (Blair, Park, & Bachelor, 2003;Bromgard & Stephan, 2006). Shelton and Richeson (2006) have suggested that the experiences of interracial contact are different for ethnic-majority and ethnic-minority groups, such that majorities are concerned about appearing to be prejudiced but minorities are concerned about being discriminated against (see also Doerr, Plant, Kunstman, & Buck, 2011).…”

Section: More Than One Type Of Intergroup Anxiety?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intergroup anxiety from the self and other: Evidence from self‐report, physiological effects, and real interactions

Greenland

Xenias

Maio

2011

Euro J Social Psych

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Intergroup anxiety has become important in understanding the success or failure of intergroup contact. In this paper, we suggest that intergroup anxiety is made up from two constructs: self-anxiety (anxiety over thinking or doing something that is prejudiced) and other-anxiety (anxiety that the other might do something to you). Over four studies, we show how these two dimensions have different correlates and independently predict psychophysiological reactivity to an intergroup interaction. Other-anxiety was associated with negative intergroup attitudes and negative affect. In contrast, self-anxiety had no simple relationship with conventional measures of intergroup attitudes but was associated with a flattening of responses that were indicative of freezing (Study 3) and simultaneous approach and avoidance (Study 4). We suggest that whereas other-anxiety is associated with negative affect and avoidance, self-anxiety is associated with 'freezing' responses to intergroup interaction. Thus, the distinction between these two constructs has important repercussions.

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Responses to the Stigmatized: Disjunctions in Affect, Cognitions, and Behavior

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Intergroup Anxiety

Intergroup Anxiety

Gender Differences in the First Impressions of Autistic Adults

Intergroup anxiety from the self and other: Evidence from self‐report, physiological effects, and real interactions

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