“…Islands typically have fewer native mammalian herbivores, favoring birds and reptiles with high dispersal capacity over water (Burns, 2019). This discrepancy can lead to the evolutionary loss of antiherbivore defenses in plants (Baier & Hoekstra, 2019;Cummins et al, 2020). For example, spines largely evolve as protection against vertebrate herbivores, as in the case of the Island Bush Poppy (Dendromecon rigida harfordii) on the Island of Santa Cruz, California, where these plants evolved reduced spines due to a historical lack of herbivores (Bowen & Vuren, 1997).…”