Responses to ergometer exercise in a healthy biracial population of children

Alpert, Bruce S.; Flood, Nadine L.; Strong, William B.; Dover, E. V.; DuRant, Robert H.; Martin, Alfred M.; Booker, David L.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80696-3

Cited by 76 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The goal of the protocol is to determine physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 bpm. Normative data have been provided by Alpert et al 57 …”

Section: Strong Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Stress Testing in the Pediatric Age Group

Paridon¹,

Alpert²,

Boas³

et al. 2006

Circulation

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280

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Abstract-This statement is an updated report of the American Heart Association's previous publications on exercise in children. In this statement, exercise laboratory requirements for environment, equipment, staffing, and procedures are presented. Indications and contraindications to stress testing are discussed, as are types of testing protocols and the use of pharmacological stress protocols. Current stress laboratory practices are reviewed on the basis of a survey of pediatric cardiology training programs.

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“…The goal of the protocol is to determine physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 bpm. Normative data have been provided by Alpert et al 57 …”

Section: Strong Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Stress Testing in the Pediatric Age Group

Paridon¹,

Alpert²,

Boas³

et al. 2006

Circulation

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280

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“…The temperatures and exposure durations in the cold and hot chambers were based on previous studies of healthy children and children with chronic diseases during rest and strenuous exercise in ambient temperatures between 5°C and 42°C. 28,29 While in the chambers, subjects were continuously observed through large observation windows.…”

Section: Thermal Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

et al. 2000

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Background-Previous studies by our laboratory and others have shown that blood pressure (BP) responses to many short-term laboratory stressors are greater in black than in white children. We sought to determine the cardiac and vascular contributions to these differences in BP reactivity and whether racial differences in vascular reactivity involve excessive vasoconstriction or deficient vasodilation. Methods and Results-We evaluated BP, heart rate, and impedance cardiographic measures of preejection period (PEP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) in healthy black (nϭ76) and white (nϭ60) adolescents (mean age, 14.8 years) during passive exposure to a vasoconstrictive cold chamber (8°C to 10°C) and a vasodilatory heat chamber (40°C to 42°C). Results indicated greater decreases in PEP and increases in TPR in blacks than whites during cold exposure (PϽ0.05) but no group differences during heat exposure. Covariance analyses indicated that the racial differences during cold exposure probably reflected greater ␤-adrenergic cardiac reactivity and ␣-adrenergic vasoconstrictive reactivity in blacks than whites. Conclusions-Blacks and whites exhibited comparable myocardial and vasodilatory responses to heat stress, but blacks exhibited heightened myocardial and vasoconstrictive reactivity to cold stress. These results suggest that the locus of racial differences in vascular reactivity involves vasoconstrictive rather than vasodilatory function. The pattern of racial differences during cold stress raises the possibility that both myocardial and vasoconstrictive mechanisms may contribute to the increased risk of hypertension in blacks.

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“…The temperature and exposure duration for CE were based on previous studies of healthy children and children with chronic diseases during rest and strenuous exercise in ambient temperatures as low as 5°C. 23,24 Subjects were continuously observed through large observation windows during CE.…”

Section: Cold Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistency of Hemodynamic Responses to Cold Stress in Adolescents

et al. 2000

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Abstract-Laboratory research on hypertension often is performed with cold stress to elicit vasoconstriction and increases in blood pressure. Several studies have shown that cardiovascular responses to the cold pressor test predict the development of hypertension. We extended this research by comparing cardiovascular responses to a traditional forehead cold pressor test and a naturalistic whole-body cold exposure. We evaluated blood pressure and impedance cardiographic measures of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance in healthy black (nϭ69) and white (nϭ47) adolescents (mean age, 14.7 years) during forehead cold pressor (3°C to 4°C) and passive whole-body exposure to a cold chamber (8°C to 10°C). Both tasks elicited increases in vascular resistance and blood pressure, but forehead cold elicited an increase in cardiac output, whereas whole-body cold elicited a decrease in cardiac output (PϽ0.05). Consistent with previous research, there was a tendency toward greater vasoconstrictive reactivity to cold stress in blacks than in whites, particularly during whole-body cold exposure (PϽ0.05). Cardiovascular reactivity correlated significantly between tasks, but substantial intertask consistency occurred only for cardiac and vascular reactivity in male subjects (rϾ0.30) but not in female subjects (rϽ0.15). These gender differences might reflect diminished adrenergic receptor function in female subjects. We conclude that whole-body cold exposure offers a viable, relatively naturalistic alternative to traditional cold pressor tests for the assessment of cardiovascular reactivity. (Hypertension. 2000;36:1013-1017.)Key Words: stress Ⅲ vasoconstriction Ⅲ cardiac output Ⅲ blood pressure Ⅲ hemodynamics Ⅲ adolescents C old stress is often used to elicit ␣-adrenergic vasoconstriction and pressor responses (ie, blood pressure [BP] increases) in laboratory research on hypertension. [1][2][3][4][5] The most commonly used cold stressor is some variation of the cold pressor test, which involves the immersion of a limb in ice water or the placement of a bag of ice water on the forehead. 1,4 -9 A number of studies have shown that cardiovascular responses to the cold pressor test predict future resting BP and the development of hypertension. 10 -12 Furthermore, studies of both adults and children indicate that blacks, who are at increased risk for early hypertension development, 13,14 exhibit greater vascular reactivity during limb and forehead cold pressor tasks relative to whites. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Traditional laboratory cold pressor tasks typically involve limited regional body surface exposure to very cold and often painful ice water slurries (Ϸ4°C), 6 -9 so it is not clear whether the cardiovascular effects of such tasks can be generalized to more naturalistic environmental cold exposure (CE). However, in a recent study of adolescents, 3 we demonstrated that whole-body CE (8°C to 10°C) elicited increases in total peripheral vascular resistance and BP similar to those elicited by traditional cold pressor tasks a...

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Responses to ergometer exercise in a healthy biracial population of children

Cited by 76 publications

References 14 publications

Clinical Stress Testing in the Pediatric Age Group

Clinical Stress Testing in the Pediatric Age Group

Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

Consistency of Hemodynamic Responses to Cold Stress in Adolescents

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