Responses of water insecure coastal communities of Tanzania to climate change impacts. Is it incremental or transformative adaptation?

Understanding the farmers’ choices and adoption of adaptation strategies, and plans to climate change impact in Africa: A systematic review

“…This finding might be associated with the region's high vulnerability to climate change impacts, attracting research attention (Ngcamu & Chari, 2020). Sub-Saharan Africa has been portrayed as the most vulnerable region globally due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and limited ability to mitigate such risks due to multiple stresses, such as endemic poverty, civil war and conflicts, poor technology, inadequate institutional capacities, and limited access to capital (Boko et al, 2007;Kotir, 2011;Ludi et al, 2012;Niang et al, 2014;Magesa & Pauline, 2019). The first relevant publication in 2001 could be linked with the publication of the third IPCC Assessment Report in 2001, which called for more investigations on adaptation measures undertaken by societies, especially in developing countries (McCarthy et al, 2001).…”

“…Humans have been adapting to climate change throughout history, but the current impacts of climate change are very rapid and unprecedented in human history, requiring new ways of doing things (Magesa & Pauline, 2019). Transformative adaptations are required when vulnerability and climate change impacts are particularly extreme and rapid (Field et al, 2012;Magesa & Pauline, 2019). It also requires fundamental changes to the nature of a system once current social, economic, and ecological conditions become undesirable (Magesa & Pauline, 2019).…”

“…Transformative adaptations are required when vulnerability and climate change impacts are particularly extreme and rapid (Field et al, 2012;Magesa & Pauline, 2019). It also requires fundamental changes to the nature of a system once current social, economic, and ecological conditions become undesirable (Magesa & Pauline, 2019). Kates et al (2012) added that transformative adaptations are genuinely new to a particular region and capable of transforming the place and shifting locations.…”

“…In contrast, incremental adaptations include actions that minimize the adverse effects of climate change with a central focus on maintaining the essence and integrity of existing technological systems, value systems, institutional capacity, and governance (Field et al, 2014a,b). They seek to preserve the existing system's efficiency and operate within the status quo (Magesa & Pauline, 2019).…”