Responses of Pigs to Stunning with Nitrogen Filled High-Expansion Foam

Lindahl, Cecilia; Sindhöj, Erik; Hellgren, Rebecka Brattlund; Berg, Charlotte; Wallenbeck, Anna

doi:10.3390/ani10122210

Cited by 14 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although they were unable to identify the distinction in stress levels in those treatments, N 2 O application could be more humane than CO 2 . Similar results were found by Lindahl et al [ 14 ] in that N 2 O-filled foam could be a suitable alternative to CO 2 when stunning pigs, improving animal welfare. Verhoeven et al [ 15 ] studied the time taken for the slaughter pig to become unconscious by using different concentrations of CO 2 (80% and 95%) and studying their corresponding effects on behavior changes.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Monitoring of Pigs’ Physico-Temporal Activities at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Bhujel

Arulmozhi

Moon

et al. 2021

Animals

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Pig behavior is an integral part of health and welfare management, as pigs usually reflect their inner emotions through behavior change. The livestock environment plays a key role in pigs’ health and wellbeing. A poor farm environment increases the toxic GHGs, which might deteriorate pigs’ health and welfare. In this study a computer-vision-based automatic monitoring and tracking model was proposed to detect pigs’ short-term physical activities in the compromised environment. The ventilators of the livestock barn were closed for an hour, three times in a day (07:00–08:00, 13:00–14:00, and 20:00–21:00) to create a compromised environment, which increases the GHGs level significantly. The corresponding pig activities were observed before, during, and after an hour of the treatment. Two widely used object detection models (YOLOv4 and Faster R-CNN) were trained and compared their performances in terms of pig localization and posture detection. The YOLOv4, which outperformed the Faster R-CNN model, was coupled with a Deep-SORT tracking algorithm to detect and track the pig activities. The results revealed that the pigs became more inactive with the increase in GHG concentration, reducing their standing and walking activities. Moreover, the pigs shortened their sternal-lying posture, increasing the lateral lying posture duration at higher GHG concentration. The high detection accuracy (mAP: 98.67%) and tracking accuracy (MOTA: 93.86% and MOTP: 82.41%) signify the models’ efficacy in the monitoring and tracking of pigs’ physical activities non-invasively.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Monitoring of Pigs’ Physico-Temporal Activities at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Bhujel

Arulmozhi

Moon

et al. 2021

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although they were unable to identify the distinction in stress levels in those treatments, N2O application could be more humane than CO2. Similar results were found by Lindahl et al [14] in that N2O-filled foam could be a suitable alternative to CO2 when stunning pigs, improving animal welfare. Verhoeven et al [15] studied the time taken for the slaughter pig to become unconscious by using different concentrations of CO2 (80% and 95%) and studying their corresponding effects on behavior changes.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

Deep Learning-based Automatic Monitoring of Pigs Physico-temporal Activities at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Bhujel

Arulmozhi

Moon³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Pig behavior is an integral part of health and welfare management, as pigs usually reflect their inner emotions through behavior change. The livestock environment plays a key role in pigs' health and wellbeing. A poor farm environment increases the toxic GHGs, which might deteriorate pigs' health and welfare. In this study a computer-vision-based automatic monitoring and tracking model was proposed to detect short-term pigs' physical activities in a compromised environment. The ventilators of the livestock barn were closed for an hour, three times in a day (07:00-08:00, 13:00-14:00, and 20:00-21:00) to create a compromised environment, which increases the GHGs level significantly. The corresponding pig activities were observed before, during, and after an hour of the treatment. Two widely used object detection models (YOLOv4 and Fast-er R-CNN) were trained and compared their performances in terms of pig localization and posture detection. The YOLOv4, which outperformed the Faster R-CNN model, coupled with a Deep-SORT tracking algorithm to detect and track the pig activities. The results showed that the pigs became more inactive with the increase in GHG concentration, reducing their standing and walking activities. Moreover, the pigs also shortened their sternal-lying posture increasing the lateral lying posture duration at higher GHG concentration. The high detection accuracy (mAP: 98.67%) and tracking accuracy (MOTA: 93.86% and MOTP: 82.41%) signify the models’ efficacy in monitoring and tracking pigs' physical activities non-invasively.

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“…in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. This met our expectation, as electrical cardiac activities and heart rates could remain detectable up to 12 min after stunning with gas (Lindahl et al, 2020) and 10 min after blunt force during humane euthanasia (Kramer et al, 2021). For example, Kramer et al (2021) studied the effectiveness of different captive bolt technology and application locations in causing death in large, heavy weight boars and sows and measured heart rates with a pulse oximeter along with respiratory arrest by visual assessment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Despite limited research on foam as a depopulation method in pigs, aspirated foam may be a promising alternative to pure gas inhalants such as CO 2 and nitrogen gas (N 2 ) (Lindahl et al, 2020). In addition, WBF has been reported to be equally as effective as CO 2 and N 2 gas alone or in combination with WBF (Lorbach et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As depopulation using foam periodically occurs for poultry in emergency situations such as the occurrence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) outbreaks (Gurung et al., 2018 ), supplies are readily available in the National Veterinary Stockpile and could easily be adapted for swine in case of an emergency. Despite limited research on foam as a depopulation method in pigs, aspirated foam may be a promising alternative to pure gas inhalants such as CO 2 and nitrogen gas (N 2 ) (Lindahl et al., 2020 ). In addition, WBF has been reported to be equally as effective as CO 2 and N 2 gas alone or in combination with WBF (Lorbach et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability of water‐based medium‐expansion foam as a depopulation method for nursery pigs and cull sows

Arruda

Campler

Cheng

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Animal disease preparedness plans including depopulation guidelines are paramount to prevent the spread of emerging infectious diseases but difficult to implement for swine under field conditions. However, water‐based foam (WBF) is currently an approved and successfully deployed depopulation methodology in poultry. Therefore, the reliability of WBF as a depopulation method and the effectiveness and irreversibility of consciousness and consequential mortality in pigs of different ages was assessed across two trials. Trial 1 investigated the time to loss of consciousness and cessation of cardiac activity in nursery pigs (n = 72) at six different foam immersion time points (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 min) when placed in a 1.47 m3 (1.2 × 1.2 × 1.02 m, length × width × height) plastic bulk container. One pig per replicate was implanted with an ECG bio‐logger. Irreversible loss of consciousness was observed after a 5‐min immersion. The average (SD) time to development of a fatal arrhythmia from the initiation of the foam application was 7.3 min (1.82 s). Trial 2 aimed to validate the findings from Trial 1 in 75 larger cull sows across three replicates (n = 25). Sows were loaded into a 41‐m3 sealed trailer (12.2 × 1.5 × 2.24 m), immersed in WBF and left undisturbed for 5 min post foam‐filling completion. Six pigs in each replicate were implanted with an ECG bio‐logger. A 5‐min dwell time resulted in irreversible loss of consciousness and subsequent mortality in all cull sows. The average time (SD) to cessation of movement and fatal arrhythmia post foam‐filling completion was 2.2 min (34.8 s) and 8.7 min (138.0 s), respectively. While a 5‐min immersion in WBF induced irreversible loss of consciousness and death in both trials, a 7.5‐min dwell time followed by observation for confirmation of death post WBF removal would be advisable for pigs of all sizes.

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Responses of Pigs to Stunning with Nitrogen Filled High-Expansion Foam

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Monitoring of Pigs’ Physico-Temporal Activities at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Monitoring of Pigs’ Physico-Temporal Activities at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Deep Learning-based Automatic Monitoring of Pigs Physico-temporal Activities at Different Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Reliability of water‐based medium‐expansion foam as a depopulation method for nursery pigs and cull sows

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