Responses of Nitrogen Oxide to High‐Speed Solar Wind Stream in the Polar Middle Atmosphere

Lee, Ji Hee; Jee, Geonhwa; Kwak, Young‐Sil; Hong, Sang Bum; Hwang, Heejin; Song, In Sun; Lee, Young Sook; Turunen, Esa; Lee, Dong Hoon

doi:10.1029/2017ja025161

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The SWS determines the energetic electron flux precipitating from the radiation belts at subauroral latitudes (Tinsley, 2008; Zhou et al., 2014). The analysis of the associations between SW parameters and EEP events showed a positive correlation between the energetic electron flux and SWS, whereas SWS minima were related to minima in EEP precipitating from the radiation belts (Lee et al., 2018; Tinsley et al., 1994; Wilcox et al., 1973; Zhou et al., 2014). According to the results of Asikainen and Ruopsa (2016), SWS is the most important property affecting EEP, and that may explain the short‐term impact of SWS on the NAOI and AOI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the polar/night stratosphere, it was detected the changes in atmospheric chemistry due to EEP at a weekly timescale. Over high latiiudes (>75°N) in winter, a decrease in total ozone at 30–35 km altitude was observed after EEP events during one week period (Karagodin et al., 2018) and a lower mixing ozone concentration at 30–45 km altitude was observed some days after HSSW accompanied by an increased Ap over 70°N latitudes (Lee at al., 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistical Associations Between Geomagnetic Activity, Solar Wind, Solar Proton Events, and Winter NAO and AO Indices

Venclovienė

Kiznys

Žaltauskaitė

2022

Earth and Space Science

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Numerous studies have revealed evidence that winter climate in the Northern Hemisphere is related to the solar cycle and space weather. Most of the studies investigating the impact of space weather on the North Atlantic Oscillation and Artic Oscillation indices (NAOIs and AOIs) analyzed monthly or seasonal data. In this work, we evaluated the responses of winter NAOI/AOI to space weather changes on the day‐to‐day timescale during 1950–2020 by using an autoregressive (AR) model with additional predictors, such as month, linear trend, trends of solar irradiance and Kp indices, the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the presence of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) and high stratospheric aerosol loading (HSAL), and space weather variables, reflecting the day‐to‐day effect. Winter daily NAOI (AOI) follows the AR model of the 4th (5th) order. We found a positive day‐to‐day effect of Kp, solar wind speed (SWS) > 300 km/s, By ≤ 3.15 nT, and solar wind dynamic pressure (P) with a lag of 2 days on the NAOI and the AOI. For the AOI, additionally, the period of 1 day before–2 days after the solar proton event onset had a negative effect, and the signal of Kp and SWS was observed only for the east QBO phase. For the NAOI, a stronger effect of P was found on the presence of a strongly positive QBO phase. A stronger signal of Kp and SWS was found during HSAL. The signal of SWS > 300 km/s on the NAOI/AOI was different in sign during the periods with and without SSW.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Associations Between Geomagnetic Activity, Solar Wind, Solar Proton Events, and Winter NAO and AO Indices

Venclovienė

Kiznys

Žaltauskaitė

2022

Earth and Space Science

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“…Analysis of the multiyear SOFIE NO data sets (Hendrickx et al, 2015(Hendrickx et al, , 2017(Hendrickx et al, , 2018, combined with model calculations (Smith-Johnsen et al, 2017), suggests that geomagnetic activity is the dominant source of short-term NO variability throughout the high-latitude lower thermosphere, whereas mesospheric NO variability is mainly due to the indirect effect of downward-transported NO originating from~75 km. Lee et al (2018) used Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) data to identify direct NO x production by MEE down to~55 km. A semiempirical model based on MIPAS data sets (Funke et al, 2017) allows computation of EPP-modulated reactive nitrogen (NO y ) species and wintertime downward fluxes through the stratosphere and mesosphere.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distributions of Nitric Oxide in the Antarctic Wintertime Middle Atmosphere During Geomagnetic Storms

et al. 2020

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Energetic electron precipitation leads to increased nitric oxide (NO) production in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. NO distributions in the wintertime, high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during geomagnetic storms are investigated. NO partial columns in the upper mesosphere at altitudes 70–90 km and in the lower thermosphere at 90–110 km have been derived from observations made by the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite. The SOFIE NO measurements during 17 geomagnetic storms in 2008–2014 have been binned into selected geomagnetic latitude and geographic latitude/longitude ranges. The regions above Antarctica showing the largest instantaneous NO increases coincide with high fluxes of 30–300 keV precipitating electrons from measurements by the second‐generation Space Environment Monitor (SEM‐2) Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) instrument on the Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES). Significant NO increases over the Antarctic Peninsula are likely due to precipitation of >30 keV electrons from the radiation belt slot region. NO transport is estimated using Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14) calculations. In the upper mesosphere strong eastward winds (daily mean zonal wind speed ~20–30 m s−1 at 80 km) during winter transport NO‐enriched air away from source regions 1–3 days following the storms. Mesospheric winds also introduce NO‐poor air into the source regions, quenching initial NO increases. Higher up, in the lower thermosphere, weaker eastward winds (~5–10 m s−1 at 100 km) are less effective at redistributing NO zonally.

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“…The EPP-induced NO x in the polar thermosphere and mesosphere is transported downward within the polar vortex by meridional circulation, contributing to the enhancement of NO x in the stratosphere during polar winter [16][17][18][19][20][21]. It is well known that NO x and HO x are responsible for the catalytic ozone destruction in the polar middle atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seppälä et al [4] suggested that the ozone destruction by EPP is comparable to the climate forcings by the variations of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. More recently, Lee et al [21] reported that NO x can be directly produced at about 55 km altitude during geomagnetic storm periods in association with high-speed solar wind streams using satellite observation data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar Middle Atmospheric Responses to Medium Energy Electron (MEE) Precipitation Using Numerical Model Simulations

et al. 2021

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Energetic particle precipitation (EPP) is known to be an important source of chemical changes in the polar middle atmosphere in winter. Recent modeling studies further suggest that chemical changes induced by EPP can also cause dynamic changes in the middle atmosphere. In this study, we investigated the atmospheric responses to the precipitation of medium-to-high energy electrons (MEEs) over the period 2005–2013 using the Specific Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD-WACCM). Our results show that the MEE precipitation significantly increases the amounts of NOx and HOx, resulting in mesospheric and stratospheric ozone losses by up to 60% and 25% respectively during polar winter. The MEE-induced ozone loss generally increases the temperature in the lower mesosphere but decreases the temperature in the upper mesosphere with large year-to-year variability, not only by radiative effects but also by adiabatic effects. The adiabatic effects by meridional circulation changes may be dominant for the mesospheric temperature changes. In particular, the meridional circulation changes occasionally act in opposite ways to vary the temperature in terms of height variations, especially at around the solar minimum period with low geomagnetic activity, which cancels out the temperature changes to make the average small in the polar mesosphere for the 9-year period.

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Responses of Nitrogen Oxide to High‐Speed Solar Wind Stream in the Polar Middle Atmosphere

Cited by 4 publications

References 60 publications

Statistical Associations Between Geomagnetic Activity, Solar Wind, Solar Proton Events, and Winter NAO and AO Indices

Statistical Associations Between Geomagnetic Activity, Solar Wind, Solar Proton Events, and Winter NAO and AO Indices

Spatial Distributions of Nitric Oxide in the Antarctic Wintertime Middle Atmosphere During Geomagnetic Storms

Polar Middle Atmospheric Responses to Medium Energy Electron (MEE) Precipitation Using Numerical Model Simulations

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