Responses in fish exposed to medetomidine, a new antifouling agent

Lennquist, Anna; Hilvarsson, Annelie; Förlin, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.01.004

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…For example, tributyltin, one Biofouling 45 of the most effective antifoulants available, prevents fouling by a range of species, including ascidians, between 0.004 and 2.1 mg ml 71 (Davies and Smith 1980). Furthermore, medetomidine, a compound currently being developed as an environmentally sustainable antifouling agent (Lenquist et al 2010), interferes with larval settlement in S. clava, with a LC 50 of 3800 mg ml 71 (Willis and Woods 2011). The lethal dose/effective dose ratio is a useful measure for determining the toxicity of antifoulant contenders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing ascidian fouling in aquaculture: screening selected allelochemicals for anti-metamorphic properties in ascidian larvae

et al. 2012

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Fouling by ascidians causes major stock losses and disrupts production in marine aquaculture, especially bivalve aquaculture. Currently, no cost effective solution exists despite the testing of many prospective control techniques. This study examined a range of allelochemicals suspected to inhibit metamorphosis in marine larvae. Five allelochemicals were screened in a larval metamorphosis bioassay using Ciona savignyi Herdman to determine their potential as a remedy for ascidian fouling in bivalve aquaculture. Three of the compounds tested inhibited ascidian larval metamorphosis and increased mortality at low concentrations. These were radicicol (99% inhibition of metamorphosis [IC₉₉], 0.8 μg ml⁻¹; 99% lethal concentration [LC₉₉], 2.5 μg ml⁻¹; 99% lethal time [LT₉₉], 7.0 days), polygodial (IC₉₉, 0.003 μg ml⁻¹; LC₉₉, 0.9 μg ml⁻¹; LT₉₉, 6.4 days), and ubiquinone-10 (IC₉₉, 3.2 μg cm⁻²; LC₉₉, 14.5 μg cm⁻²; LT₉₉, 5.6 days; expressed as μg cm⁻² due to insolubility in water and ethanol). While spermidine significantly affected metamorphosis and mortality of C. savignyi, the effect was insufficient to achieve inhibition in 99% of larvae over the 7-day timeframe of the assay. Muscimol did not affect metamorphosis or mortality at the concentrations tested. The present study demonstrates that radicicol, polygodial and ubiquinone-10 have potential for future development in antifoulant formulations targeted towards the inhibition of metamorphosis in ascidian larvae, while spermidine and muscimol appear unsuitable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing ascidian fouling in aquaculture: screening selected allelochemicals for anti-metamorphic properties in ascidian larvae

et al. 2012

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“…Gemfibrozil and ibuprofen had invertebrate TUs exceeding 10 -3 in several cases ( PrePrints impacts pigmentation in fish (Lennquist et al, 2010) and behavior in marine crustaceans (barnacles) (Dahlström et al, 2000), with currently unknown ecological consequences.…”

Section: Preprintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening level mixture risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in STP effluents

Backhaus

Karlsson

2013

Preprint

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We modeled the ecotoxicological risks of the pharmaceutical mixtures emitted from STP effluents into the environment. The classic mixture toxicity concept of Concentration Addition was used to calculate the total expected risk of the analytically determined mixtures, compare the expected impact of seven effluent streams and pinpoint the most sensitive group of species. The risk quotient of a single, randomly selected pharmaceutical is often more than a factor of 1 000 lower than the mixture risk, clearly indicating the need to systematically analyse the overall risk of all pharmaceuticals present. The MCR, which is the ratio between the most risky compound and the total mixture risk, varies between 1.2 and 4.2, depending on the actual scenario and species group under consideration. The mixture risk quotients, based on acute data and an assessment factor of 1 000, regularly exceed 1, indicating a potential risk for the environment, depending on the dilution in the recipient stream. The top 10 mixture components explain more than 95% of the mixture risk in all cases. A mixture toxicity assessment cannot go beyond the underlying single substance data. The lack of data on the chronic toxicity of most pharmaceuticals as well as the very few data available for in vivo fish toxicity has to be regarded as a major knowledge gap in this context. On the other hand, ignoring Independent Action or even using the sum of individual risk quotients as a rough approximation of Concentration Addition does not have a major impact on the final risk estimate.

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“…The interdisciplinary research program Marine Paint [2], in which our group has been a part, has since 2001 been investigating the substance medetomidine [29] (see Scheme 1) which is based on imidazole for antifouling purposes [30][31][32]. Medetomidine is exceptionally efficient against fouling barnacles [33], which is one of the most problematic foulants in the north Atlantic, yet, without seriously affecting nontarget organisms [34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imidazole and Triazole Coordination Chemistry for Antifouling Coatings

Trojer

Movahedi

Blanck

et al. 2013

Journal of Chemistry

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Fouling of marine organisms on the hulls of ships is a severe problem for the shipping industry. Many antifouling agents are based on five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, in particular imidazoles and triazoles. Moreover, imidazole and triazoles are strong ligands for Cu2+and Cu+, which are both potent antifouling agents. In this review, we summarize a decade of work within our groups concerning imidazole and triazole coordination chemistry for antifouling applications with a particular focus on the very potent antifouling agentmedetomidine. The entry starts by providing a detailed theoretical description of the azole-metal coordination chemistry. Some attention will be given to ways to functionalize polymers with azole ligands. Then, the effect of metal coordination in azole-containing polymers with respect to material properties will be discussed. Our work concerning the controlled release of antifouling agents, in particular medetomidine, using azole coordination chemistry will be reviewed. Finally, an outlook will be given describing the potential for tailoring the azole ligand chemistry in polymers with respect to Cu2+adsorption and Cu2+→Cu+reduction for antifouling coatings without added biocides.

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Responses in fish exposed to medetomidine, a new antifouling agent

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Preventing ascidian fouling in aquaculture: screening selected allelochemicals for anti-metamorphic properties in ascidian larvae

Preventing ascidian fouling in aquaculture: screening selected allelochemicals for anti-metamorphic properties in ascidian larvae

Screening level mixture risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in STP effluents

Imidazole and Triazole Coordination Chemistry for Antifouling Coatings

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