Responses in acral and non-acral skin vasomotion and temperature during lowering of ambient temperature

Daytime variation in ambient temperature affects skin temperatures and blood pressure: Ambulatory winter/summer comparison in healthy young women

“…In the present study outdoor exposure leads to changes in T dist between 29 and 33°C, which are within the range of more or less linear dependency between T dist and distal skin blood flow [13][14][15]49]. Therefore it can be assumed that changes in T dist indicate changes of distal skin blood flow [13,15].…”

“…Therefore it can be assumed that changes in T dist indicate changes of distal skin blood flow [13,15]. It has been observed that in a cool environment cutaneous blood vessels constrict and subsequently blood withdraws from the shell (most pronounced from extremities) to the core [7,36].…”

“…Diverse controlled physiological and pharmacological laboratory studies have shown that changed distal skin temperature (T dist ) in relation to proximal skin temperature (T prox ) is associated with changes in core body temperature and body heat loss [7,[9][10][11][12]. Furthermore, the difference between T dist and T prox has been validated as a measure for distal skin blood flow by plethysmographic and laser-Doppler-flowmetry methods [13][14][15], e.g. with lowered environmental temperature distal skin regions exhibit larger reduction in skin temperature (ST) and skin blood flow than proximal sites indicating redistribution of shell blood to the core [13,15].…”

“…Furthermore, the difference between T dist and T prox has been validated as a measure for distal skin blood flow by plethysmographic and laser-Doppler-flowmetry methods [13][14][15], e.g. with lowered environmental temperature distal skin regions exhibit larger reduction in skin temperature (ST) and skin blood flow than proximal sites indicating redistribution of shell blood to the core [13,15]. Using wireless ST probes [16] T dist and T prox measurements easily provide information about the thermophysiological state of the human body also under ambulatory conditions, i.e.…”

Cutaneous exposure to hypoxia does not affect skin perfusion in humans

“…A balance between O 2 diffusion into the epidermis from the blood and from the skin surface is supported by the observation that experimentally induced changes in arterial O 2 delivery to the skin lead to opposing changes in transcutaneous O 2 diffusion (Stucker et al 2000). In this context, the thermoneutral environment in our study could have played a role as in a cold environment, thermoregulatory cutaneous vasoconstriction (Elstad et al 2014) might have reduced arterial O 2 delivery to the skin. In contrast to our study, the animals in the mouse study were breathing a hypoxic gas mixture when the PO 2 on the skin surface was manipulated (Boutin et al.…”