Response to Referee 1

Abstract

Biomass burning is a significant global source of aerosol number and mass. In fresh biomass burning plumes, aerosol coagulation reduces aerosol number and increases the median size of aerosol size distributions, impacting aerosol radiative effects. Near-source biomass burning aerosol coagulation occurs at spatial scales much smaller than the grid boxes of global and many regional models. To date, these models ignore sub-grid coagulation and instantly mix fresh biomass burning emissions into coarse grid boxes. A previous study found that the rate of particle growth by coagulation within an individual smoke plume can be approximated using the aerosol mass emissions rate, initial size distribution median diameter and modal width, plume mixing depth, and wind speed. In this thesis, we use this parameterization of sub-grid coagulation in the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model to quantify the impacts on global aerosol size distributions, the direct radiative effect, and the cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect.We find that inclusion of biomass burning sub-grid coagulation reduces the biomass burning impact on the number concentration of particles larger than 80 nm (a proxy for CCN-sized particles) by 37% globally. This CCN reduction causes our estimated global biomass burning cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect to decrease from -76 to -43 mW m −2 . Further, as sub-grid coagulation moves mass to sizes with more efficient scattering, including it increases our estimated biomass burning all-sky direct effect from -224 to -231 mW m −2 with assumed external mixing and from -188 to -197 mW m −2 with assumed internal mixing with core-shell morphology. However, due to differences in fire and meteorological conditions across regions, the impact of sub-grid coagulation is not globally uniform. We also test the sensitivity of the impact of sub-grid coagula-

Palliative Care for Children with Central Nervous System Malignancies

“…Atropine ophthalmic 1% solution can be given sublingually; 1 drop every 4 hours providing 0.27 mg atropine per dose. 32 Other treatment strategies are regular oral care and suction, lateral positioning the patient, and music to dampen the noise. Families can be reassured that the rattling noise is not painful (an analogy to snoring works well) and deep suction will generally cause more harm than benefit.…”