“…It is important to note, however, that discussions that create such dialogic tensions do not necessarily occur on their own, and that guidance and scaffolding by a teacher or facilitator can be crucial for deepening students' meaning-making and promoting critical examination of a text (Athanases, 1998;Galda & Beach, 2001;Houser, 2001;Long & Gove, 2003-2004Singer & Smith, 2003;Thein, Guise, & Sloan, 2011). For example, the instructor can nudge students to consider new perspectives (Galda & Beach, 2001), ask "what-if" hypothetical scenarios that encourage students to take on different views (Beach et al, 2008), use dialogic moves that encourage students to build upon one another's responses (Juzwik, Borsheim-Black, Caughlan, & Heintz, 2013), and model the use of nonjudgmental language . Using these strategies, instructors can create an environment where students can build upon, add nuance to, or challenge one another's interpretations of texts and the assumptions, beliefs, or values that underlie those interpretations.…”