Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Intracranial Carotid Calcification on Cranial Computed Tomography: Visual Scoring Methods, Semiautomated Scores, and Volume Measurements in Patients With Stroke”

Abstract

We thank Bos et al 1 for their interest in our analysis of visual and computational methods of quantifying intracranial carotid artery (ICA) calcification. 2 We agree that ICA calcification appears to be an important risk factor for stroke, 3 rather as coronary calcification is a risk factor for myocardial infarction.Our work was motivated by an interest in finding pragmatic and reliable methods for assessing ICA calcification in a wide range of settings. At present, computational measurement of ICA calcification is hindered by the proximity of the ICA to the bone of the pituitary fossa, which the software that we used was not able to distinguish from ICA calcification and required a lot of time-consuming human editing to obtain accurate ICA calcification values. Some large epidemiological studies may be fortunate to have substantial funding for image analysis time, but others may not, and therefore, we suggest that a rapid visual assessment can provide a reasonable alternative. Also, the visual score can be obtained in routine clinical practice by a radiologist or a stroke physician who understands the method, whereas the computational analysis method requires a trained analyst who can run the software (at least at present).Bos et al 1 suggest that computational methods are better than visual assessments. This may be true in some circumstances but not in all. Indeed, in our experience, the 2 approaches are complementary. In the case of visual and volumetric assessment of white-matter hyperintensities (WMH), one does not replace the other. WMH volumes obtained are dependent on the analysis program used, which may miss true lesions and include artifacts and other pathologies, such as ischemic strokes, that have to be edited out manually 4 (a critique of image analysis methods that affect the accuracy of WMH volume measures is described elsewhere 5 ). Visual scores, on the other hand, may seem to provide a rather coarse score, but there is close correlation between visual and volume WMH measurement, 6 and visual scores are not affected by other pathologies, do not require image registration or other analysis steps that may affect the apparent WMH volumes, can be performed on legacy data, and are extremely rapid to do.On this basis, we suggest that the visual and volume measures of ICA calcification should also be seen as complementary, the former rapid and feasible in clinical practice and research and the latter slower and more of a research application at present. Each has strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, so that the methods can be applied in situations where they are most appropriate. We hope that more studies of ICA calcification and stroke risk can now follow. DisclosuresNone. Deepak Subedi, FRCR

Intracranial Carotid Artery Calcification Relates to Recanalization and Clinical Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy

“…This suggests that assessment of the amount of ICAC on the symptomatic side only may be enough to get an impression on the prognosis after the thrombectomy procedure. Alternatively, when applied in the acute clinical setting, quick assessment using the (modified) Woodcock scale 20 might also be valuable. In this visual scoring, a number from 0 (no calcification) to 3 (thick, continuous calcification) is assigned to the severity of calcification on each axial slice.…”

Clipping treatment of posterior communicating artery aneurysms associated with arteriosclerosis and calcification: A single center study of 136�cases

“…Among these factors, arteriosclerosis and calcification of the aneurysm and parent artery are particularly important. Intracranial PCoA aneurysms are often more affected by arteriosclerosis and calcification than aneurysms located in other sites, such as anterior communicating artery and middle cerebral artery, primarily due to the PCoA aneurysms originating from the internal carotid artery at the entrance to the skull, as this intracranial segment is more likely to exhibit arteriosclerosis and calcification (7,17).…”

“…In addition to the size and location of the aneurysms, the outcome is also associated with the extent of arteriosclerosis and calcification of the parent artery and aneurysm neck (5,6). When aneurysms occur in hardened and calcified arteries, aneurysm clipping is difficult, particularly in cases of aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery (PCoA), due to their low position and wide neck (6,7). The hard, calcified aneurysm neck frequently may not allow for complete closure of the clip blades, which may therefore require the use of the aneurysm clip compression technique (8).…”

Association between Intracranial Atherosclerotic Calcium Burden and Angiographic Luminal Stenosis Measurements

“…For qualitative calcium scoring, we used the Modified Woodcock Visual Scoring (MWVS) scale 12, 13 which uses a 0 to 3 scoring scale to reflect the severity of calcification on each slice on a NCCT head. The scoring begins just distal to the petrous temporal bone and ends at the terminal ICA bifurcation.…”