“…Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) has many uses as a food crop, and though mostly used in pasta production, there is a growing interest in its use for making bread with about 25% of the durum wheat produced in the world used for breadmaking and up to 70%-90% in some Middle East countries (Pasqualone, 2012;Quaglia, 1988). Durum has inferior loaf volume, structure, and texture compared to common wheat (Boggini, Tusa, & Pogna, 1995;Guzman et al, 2016;Hareland & Puhr, 1999;Peña, Zarco-Hernandez, Amaya-Celis, & Mujeeb-Kazi, 1994) although it is preferred by some for its peculiar and distinctive sensory properties, different from common wheat bread and having a better shelf life (Pasqualone, 2012). Increasing protein content can improve loaf volume, but the inelastic and poorly extensible gluten in durum (Ammar, Kronstadm, & Morris, 2000;Boyacioglou & D'Appolonia, 1994) prevents full gas expansion, as dough extensibility is an important trait to obtain good loaf volume (Nash et al, 2006).…”