We report on properties of nanocomposites composed of oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, CaHfO3 and SrHfO3) embedded in oxide rare earth (Eu2O3, Nd2O3) matrices deposited using atomic layer deposition. The embedment of nanoparticles in different oxide matrices allowed us for highlighting the role of surface defects via monitoring of the luminescence properties. We provide a comparative analysis of the photoluminescence (PL) of the bulk material, thin films, oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites, and discuss the possible nature of the luminescent sites on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The ZnO nanocomposites show distinguishable PL properties from those of the free-standing nanoparticles in terms of overall quantum efficiency and referring to intensity ratios of characteristic blue and green emission bands associated with radiative transitions that involve excitons and intrinsic defects, respectively. In contrast to the observed PL enhancement in the case of ZnO nanocomposites, the embedment of hafnia perovskites into oxide matrix is found to suppress the luminescence efficiency