Response surface methodology application on lubricant oil degradation, performance, and emissions in SI engine: A novel optimization of alcoholic fuel blends

Abstract

For evaluating the significance of renewable alternative fuels for optimized engine performance and lower emissions, methanol has been extensively utilized as a blend with gasoline in spark-ignition engines. However, rare attempts have been rendered to examine the consequence of methanol–gasoline fuel blends (M6, M12, and M18) on lubricant oil operating for a longer period in engines. The highest and least decrease of 9.62% and 6.68% in kinematic viscosity (KV) was observed for M0 and M18, respectively. However, the flash point (FP) of degraded lubricant oil for M6, M12, and M18 was 3%, 5%, and 7% higher than that of M0, respectively. Total acid number (TAN) and ash content of degraded lubricant oil for M18 were the highest among M0, M6, and M12. An inclusive optimization of engine performance, emissions, and lubricant oil properties has been made for various methanol–gasoline fuel blends at distinct operating conditions by employing the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. RSM-based optimization portrayed the composite desirability value of 0.73 for 2137.13 watt brake power (BP), 6.08 N-m torque, 0.37 kg/kwh brake-specific fuel consumption, 22.10% brake thermal efficiency, 4.02% carbon monoxide emission, 7.15% carbon dioxide emission, 134.12 ppm hydrocarbon emission, 517.02 ppm nitrogen oxides emission, 12.44 cst KV, 203.77°C FP, 2.23 mg/g KOH TAN, and 2.65%wt ash content as responses for fuel blend M8 at 3400 rpm and higher loading condition. RSM predicted results demonstrated significant compliance with empirical findings, with absolute percentage error (APE) below 5% for each response. However, the highest APE of 4.68% was obtained for FP owing to inefficient desirability as a consequence of manual testing. The least APE of 1.57% was obtained for torque because of the highest desirability. Overall, the RSM predicted results of the designed models are effective and viable. RSM technique was found to be effective for the optimization of the broader engine characteristics spectrum.

Acetone–Gasoline Blend as an Alternative Fuel in SI Engines: A Novel Comparison of Performance, Emission, and Lube Oil Degradation

“…The lower FP denotes a potential risk of lubricating oil during system operation, which could lead to a malfunction. 10 The percentage variations for gasoline and A10 advocate the decline of 19.63 and 15.73% in FP equated to fresh oil run, respectively. Moreover, the decline of pure gasoline was 19.88% higher than that of A10.…”

“…As FP regulates the fire safety of oil applications, it affects the maximum operating limit of lubricating oil. The lower FP denotes a potential risk of lubricating oil during system operation, which could lead to a malfunction . The percentage variations for gasoline and A10 advocate the decline of 19.63 and 15.73% in FP equated to fresh oil run, respectively.…”

“… 9 Many research studies have been rendered to assess the remaining lifecycle of fossil fuels, and shocking results unveiled their remaining estimated life to be the next 40 years. 10 , 11 Consequently, researchers have long been firmly looking for alternative renewable energy resources that are performance-efficient and friendly to the environment. 12 , 13 Fuels might be promising in terms of exhaust emissions and engine performance.…”

“…18% of global primary energy is utilized by the transport sector and is primarily accountable for 23% of global CO 2 emissions, eventually leading to consequences of global warming . Many research studies have been rendered to assess the remaining lifecycle of fossil fuels, and shocking results unveiled their remaining estimated life to be the next 40 years. , Consequently, researchers have long been firmly looking for alternative renewable energy resources that are performance-efficient and friendly to the environment. , Fuels might be promising in terms of exhaust emissions and engine performance. However, the deterioration imparted to the engine lubricating oil could be enormous and needs to be adequately accounted for. , …”

A comprehensive study on the performance and emission analysis in diesel engine via optimization of novel ternary fuel blends: Diesel, manganese, and diethyl ether

“…The previous decade was the hottest period in human history, reaching temperatures of 0.8 °C above the pre-industrial average [ 3 ]. It is projected that the overall global population is escalating at a pace of 83.1 million per year and the remaining life of fossil fuel reserves is 50 years at the present rate of fossil fuel consumption [ [4] , [5] , [6] ]. Diesel engines possess pre-dominant applications in the power sector, because of their high specific torque, efficiency, and low fuel consumption.…”