Response of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and land use change in the Karst area

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Ecosystem Services and Trade-Offs/Synergies in Wujiang River Basin, China

“…Water supply InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs), developed by Stanford University (https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest, accessed on 1 March 2023), is one of the most comprehensive open-source softwares for ecosystem service quality accounting. Numerous studies have proved the accuracy of its assessment results, and it is one of the most widely used software models for ecosystem service quality assessment research [9][10][11][12]. The WS was calculated in the water yield module of the InVEST model, which provides an accounting method based on the water balance.…”

“…The correlation coefficient method is often used in large-scale studies to obtain more intuitive analytical results owing to the spatial heterogeneity of ESs and the complexity of trade-offs and synergistic relationships. For example, Spearman's coefficients were used to analyze the trade-off/synergy effects of ESs in the Ulansu Sea Basin and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [9,10], while Pearson's coefficients were used to analyze the tradeoff/synergy effects of ESs in the Han River Basin and Guizhou Province [11,12]. These studies used the correlation coefficient method to derive the overall trade-off/synergistic relationship among ESs and obtained relatively intuitive analytical results; however, owing to the spatial heterogeneity of ESs and the complexity of the trade-off/synergistic relationship, it is difficult to reflect the spatial relationship of the ES trade-off/synergistic relationship in a purely mathematical relationship [6], and the implementation location of the guiding recommendations based on this is not specific, which makes it difficult to implement the recommendations.…”