Response of the toad, <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, to circulating antigens. II. Responses after splenectomy

Turner, Rodney

doi:10.1002/jez.1401830105

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In contrast to mammals, Xenopus splenic T cells are located in the red pulp area surrounding the white pulp (6). Most of the T cells are believed to be educated in the thymus since thymectomy, but not splenectomy, has a major effect on immune responsiveness (7). In Xenopus, the thymus anlagen arise around day 3 after fertilization at NF-stage 40 according to the Normal Table of Nieuwkoop and Faber (8).…”

Section: Xenopus Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune system is involved in Xenopus metamorphosis

Izutsu

2009

Front Biosci

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Amphibian metamorphosis provides a model to elucidate the mechanisms underlying how vertebrates reconstitute a body plan and how the immune system develops during ontogeny. In Xenopus, T cells are expanded from the early developmental stages just after hatching. These T cells switch from larval-type in an easily tolerizable state into an adult-type having a potent immune responsiveness comparable to that of mammals. During metamorphosis, tadpoles exhibit morphological changes in skin that completely transforms from larval-type to adult-type. Only tail tissue behaves differently; it remains a larval-type tissue until it disappears at the end of metamorphosis. Thus, at metamorphic climax, four different types of cells co-exist in a tadpole body: larval tissue cells; adult tissue cells; larval immune cells; and adult immune cells. Based on the results showing that tadpole tail skin is rejected by syngeneic adult, it is proposed that the elimination of the larval tissue cells by the adult T cells that occurs during metamorphosis is immunologically mediated. Recent results indicate that the antigenic proteins expressed in the metamorphosing skin cells participate in the process of tail regression. This chapter describes how animals adjust and survive through such crises associated with large scale replacement of entire body cells.

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Section: Xenopus Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune system is involved in Xenopus metamorphosis

Izutsu

2009

Front Biosci

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“…In both tumours and granulomas, the main sites involved, in addition to the spleen, are the liver and kidney. The blood vessel involvement we noted as a feature of granuloma development (its with Turner's suggestion [25] that the liver and kidney sinuses might provide a site where lymphoid cells could cluster and respond to the presence of antigen.…”

Section: Immunological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Noting the dearth of plasma cells in the spleens of normal or immunized Xenopus, they suggested that either Xenopus produce good antibody titres without the pro duction of typical plasma cells, or the proliferation response occurs in the spleen, followed by migration and subsequent differentiation elsewhere in the body. Turner [25] demonstrated that the spleen cannot be the only site of antibody production in Xenopus, as serum antibody titres in response to HGG and SRBC injection were as high in splenectomized toads as in shamsplenectomized toads. Thus, although the spleen is the only lymphoid organ in Xenopus which shows any complexity of structural organization, foci in other parts of the body (gut.…”

Section: Immunological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacteria and Lymphoreticular Tumours in <i>Xenopus laevis, </i>the South African Clawed Toad

Clothier¹,

Balls²

1973

Oncology

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Lymphoreticular tumours, mycobacterial granulomata and responses to antigens in Xenopus toadlets were compared. Lymphoreticular tumours and granulomata differed in histology, development, distribution of mitotic figures, involvement of small lymphocytes, aetiology and transmissibility. Combination experiments provided no evidence that Mycobacterium marinum plays a role in lymphoreticular tumour initiation and development, though, as in some human neoplasms, secondary mycobacterial infection was a feature of advanced tumours.

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Influence of antigen dose on antibody production of intact and splenectomised Xenopus laevis

Collie

Turner

1975

J. Exp. Zool.

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Antigen persistence and serum antibody production in intact Xenopus were monitored using human gamma globulin (HGG), in adjuvant, in various immunisation schedules. Retention of HGG in spleen and serum was directly related to the quantity injected. However, antibody responses to a dose range between 1 mu-g-6 mg antigen were similar in intensity. These were detected in the serum two weeks after injection and at this stage were exclusively mercapto-ethanol (ME) sensitive; ME-resistant antibodies had appeared by four weeks. No antibodies were detected below a dose of 100 ng HGG. The effect of splenectomy on antibody levels was tested using HGG/adjuvant or sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in saline. Splenectomised toads showed impairment of antibody responses only to threshold doses of HGG (100 ng) but to a wider range of SRBC doses.

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Response of the toad, Xenopus laevis, to circulating antigens. II. Responses after splenectomy

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

The immune system is involved in Xenopus metamorphosis

The immune system is involved in Xenopus metamorphosis

Mycobacteria and Lymphoreticular Tumours in <i>Xenopus laevis, </i>the South African Clawed Toad

Influence of antigen dose on antibody production of intact and splenectomised Xenopus laevis

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