Response of the Strongyloides ratti transcriptome to host immunological environment

O'Meara, Helen; Barber, Rebecca; Mello, Luciane V.; Sangaralingam, Ajanthah; Viney, Mark; Paterson, Steve

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.06.005

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Strongyloides ratti is arguably the best studied of the animal parasitic Rhabditida in terms of its evolutionary (Gemmill et al 2000; Dorris et al 2002; Fenton et al 2004), developmental (Viney, 1996; Harvey et al 2000; Crook and Viney, 2005; Gardner et al 2006) and reproductive biology (Viney et al 1993; Viney, 1994; Harvey and Viney, 2001) and in terms of ecological aspects of its relationship with its host (Harvey et al 1999; Wilkes et al 2004, 2007; Paterson et al 2008; O'Meara et al 2010). Moreover, studies of S. ratti have been at the forefront of genome- and transcriptome-scale investigations of the evolution of parasitism in parasitic nematodes (Thompson et al 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009; Spinner et al 2012).…”

Section: The Development Of Transgenesis In Strongyloidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenesis inStrongyloidesand related parasitic nematodes: historical perspectives, current functional genomic applications and progress towards gene disruption and editing

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYTransgenesis for Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides was accomplished in 2006 and is based on techniques derived for Caenorhabditis elegans over two decades earlier. Adaptation of these techniques has been possible because Strongyloides and related parasite genera carry out at least one generation of free-living development, with adult males and females residing in soil contaminated by feces from an infected host. Transgenesis in this group of parasites is accomplished by microinjecting DNA constructs into the syncytia of the distal gonads of free-living females. In Strongyloides stercoralis, plasmid-encoded transgenes are expressed in promoter-regulated fashion in the F1 generation following gene transfer but are silenced subsequently. Stable inheritance and expression of transgenes in S. stercoralis requires their integration into the genome, and stable lines have been derived from integrants created using the piggyBac transposon system. More direct investigations of gene function involving expression of mutant transgene constructs designed to alter intracellular trafficking and developmental regulation have shed light on the function of the insulin-regulated transcription factor Ss-DAF-16. Transgenesis in Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides opens the possibility of powerful new methods for genome editing and transcriptional manipulation in this group of parasites. Proof of principle for one of these, CRISPR/Cas9, is presented in this review.

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Section: The Development Of Transgenesis In Strongyloidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenesis inStrongyloidesand related parasitic nematodes: historical perspectives, current functional genomic applications and progress towards gene disruption and editing

et al. 2016

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“…However, an equally successful approach has been to harness the ever increasing power of expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries, microarrays and now deep sequencing to perform unbiased searches for parasite-specific genes. Two Strongyloides spp., S. ratti and S. stercoralis , are especially well suited to this approach due to their free-living and parasitic generations, which enables the comparison of transcriptional profiles from iL3 versus free-living L3 (Mitreva et al, 2004; Thompson et al, 2006; Ramanathan et al, 2011), parasitic versus free-living adults (Thompson et al, 2005) and even parasitic adults from naïve versus immune hosts (Thompson et al, 2008; O'Meara et al, 2010). The stage-specific expression of candidate parasite-specific genes from S. ratti was further characterized by real-time PCR and western blotting, with one protein being detected in the excretory/secretory products of the parasitic adult, demonstrating the power of this unbiased approach (Spinner et al, 2012).…”

Section: Advances From Whole Genome Sequencing and Microarray Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dauer hypothesis and the evolution of parasitism: 20years on and still going strong

Crook

2014

International Journal for Parasitology

116

134

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How any complex trait has evolved is a fascinating question, yet the evolution of parasitism among the nematodes is arguably one of the most arresting. How did free-living nematodes cross that seemingly insurmountable evolutionary chasm between soil dwelling and survival inside another organism? Which of the many finely honed responses to the varied and harsh environments of free-living nematodes provided the material upon which natural selection could act? Although several complementary theories explain this phenomenon, I will focus on the dauer hypothesis. The dauer hypothesis posits that the arrested third-stage dauer larvae of free-living nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans are, due to their many physiological similarities with infective third-stage larvae of parasitic nematodes, a pre-adaptation to parasitism. If so, then a logical extension of this hypothesis is that the molecular pathways which control entry into and recovery from dauer formation by free-living nematodes in response to environmental cues have been co-opted to control the processes of infective larval arrest and activation in parasitic nematodes. The molecular machinery that controls dauer entry and exit is present in a wide range of parasitic nematodes. However, the developmental outputs of the different pathways are both conserved and divergent, not only between populations of C. elegans or between C. elegans and parasitic nematodes but also between different species of parasitic nematodes. Thus the picture that emerges is more nuanced than originally predicted and may provide insights into the evolution of such an interesting and complex trait.

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“…Recent microarray-based studies of S. ratti , and earlier studies cited therein stress comparisons of parasitic and non-parasitic morphs of the parasite [39] and also of parasites living in the envrionments of immune and naive hosts [34]. Ramanathan et al [40] amassed microarray data from post-parasitic L1 and L3i of S. stercoralis that reveal patterns of differential gene expression associated with the acquisition of host infectivity during that transition.…”

Section: Studies At the Genomic Transcriptomic And Proteomic Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall rubric of discovering ‘genes for parasitism’ has driven a series of recent transcriptomic studies of developmental stages in Strongyloides spp, initially using profiles of EST abundance and protein expression [41•–43] and, more recently, microarray technology [40] and next-generation sequencing [36, 37, 34, 20•]. Studies focusing explicitly on detecting genes essential for parasitism in Strongyloides have taken the approach of identifying expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from S. ratti that do not have identifiable homologs in C. elegans and that are unique to or significantly up regulated in parasitic females relative to free-living females.…”

Section: Studies At the Genomic Transcriptomic And Proteomic Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…generally, are induced to produce greater proportions of male progeny and a population of female progeny with an increased tendency towards heterogonic (free-living) development in response to a mounting protective immune response by the host. It is striking, therefore, that microarray analyses reveal only modest (< threefold) differences in transcript abundance between parasitic female S. ratti recovered at five and nine days of infection from naïve rats and from rats that had been immunized by drug-abbreviated infection [34]. Prominent among the few transcripts upregulated in the presence of the host immune response were those encoding homologs of UNC-87 and UNC-54 in C. elegans , both proteins related to muscle function.…”

Section: Introduction and Basic Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strongyloides stercoralis and Relatives: Recent Advances in General and Molecular Biology

Lok

2014

Curr Trop Med Rep

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Human strongyloidiasis is a threat to global health, presenting significant challenges in diagnosis and clinical management. The imperative to incorporate strongyloidiasis more fully into control programs for soil-transmitted helminths is increasingly recognized. The unique life cycles of Strongyloides stercoralis and congeneric species contain both free-living and parasitic generations, and transcriptomic methods have recently identified genes of potential importance to parasitism in these worms. Proteomics recently revealed stage-specific secreted proteins that appear crucial to the host-parasite interaction. A comprehensive genome sequencing project for Strongyloides spp. is now nearing completion. Recent technical advances in transgenesis for S. stercoralis and S. ratti, including the first establishment of stable transgenic lines, promise to advance functional evaluations of genes expressed in conjunction with crucial life-cycle events. Studies employing these methods recently bolstered the hypothesis that S. stercoralis uses cellular signaling pathways homologous to three that regulate dauer larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans to regulate morphogenesis and development of its infective third-stage larva. The freeliving generation of Strongyloides makes classical genetics formally possible. Recent advances, such as a genetic map of S. ratti and a molecular genetic and karyotypic analysis of sex determination in S. papillosus, will greatly facilitate this approach. Advanced methods for study of chemosensation in C. elegans were recently applied to discover numerous hostattractant molecules that mediate host finding and contact by infective third-stage larvae of Strongyloides spp. Finally, nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods have recently come to the fore as alternatives to parasitological and immunodiagnostic techniques.

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Response of the Strongyloides ratti transcriptome to host immunological environment

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Transgenesis inStrongyloidesand related parasitic nematodes: historical perspectives, current functional genomic applications and progress towards gene disruption and editing

Transgenesis inStrongyloidesand related parasitic nematodes: historical perspectives, current functional genomic applications and progress towards gene disruption and editing

The dauer hypothesis and the evolution of parasitism: 20years on and still going strong

Strongyloides stercoralis and Relatives: Recent Advances in General and Molecular Biology

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