Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species

Clark, Dana; Lamare, Miles D.; Barker, Mike

doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1155-8

Cited by 169 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…On the other hand, uncompensated pH e during chronic acid challenge might lead to an increased energy demand for the PMCs to prevent dissolution of formed spicules within their sheaths when Ω decreases below 1. For example, Clark et al (29) observed corrosion of larval spicules in Evechinus chloroticus and Pseudechinus huttoni pluteus larvae during exposure to pH 7.7 and 7.6, respectively. However, it has been demonstrated that sea urchin larvae are capable of maintaining calcification rates under acidified conditions when calcification rates are normalized to growth rate (4).…”

Section: Chronically Elevated Seawater Pco 2 Directly Affects the Sitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification

Stumpp

Melzner

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

221

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Calcifying echinoid larvae respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry with reduced growth and developmental delay. To date, no information exists on how ocean acidification acts on pH homeostasis in echinoderm larvae. Understanding acid-base regulatory capacities is important because intracellular formation and maintenance of the calcium carbonate skeleton is dependent on pH homeostasis. Using H + -selective microelectrodes and the pHsensitive fluorescent dye BCECF, we conducted in vivo measurements of extracellular and intracellular pH (pH e and pH i ) in echinoderm larvae. We exposed pluteus larvae to a range of seawater CO 2 conditions and demonstrated that the extracellular compartment surrounding the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) conforms to the surrounding seawater with respect to pH during exposure to elevated seawater pCO 2 . Using FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument. PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong changes in pH e whenever seawater pH changes. However, measurements of pH i demonstrated that PMCs are able to fully compensate an induced intracellular acidosis. This was highly dependent on Na + and HCO 3 − , suggesting a bicarbonate buffer mechanism involving secondary active Na + -dependent membrane transport proteins. We suggest that, under ocean acidification, maintained pH i enables calcification to proceed despite decreased pH e . However, this probably causes enhanced costs. Increased costs for calcification or cellular homeostasis can be one of the main factors leading to modifications in energy partitioning, which then impacts growth and, ultimately, results in increased mortality of echinoid larvae during the pelagic life stage. pH microelectrode | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | acid-base regulation | Na + -HCO 3 − transport | epithelial transport S ea urchin larvae have been shown to react with particular sensitivity to CO 2 -induced reductions in seawater pH (1-4). When larvae are chronically exposed to elevated seawater pCO 2 of >0.1 kPa, e.g., as is predicted to occur during the next century in response to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions or through upwelling of low-pH deep water, this sensitivity is reflected in reduced growth and developmental rates (5, 6). Echinoderm larvae are considered to be especially vulnerable to seawater pH reduction and to the associated changes in calcium carbonate saturation state of seawater (Ω Cal ) because their internal skeleton is composed of high magnesium calcite, a highly soluble form of CaCO 3 (7, 8). However, long-term reductions in growth and development might just as well be evoked by other physiological mechanisms that are also sensitive to hypercapnia and the related acid-base disturbances. Recent studies conducted on several marine taxa including mollusks (9) and echinoderms (10) demonstrated increased metabolic rates in response to elevated seawater pCO 2 . It was concluded that reductions in somatic growth and rate of development were caused by a sh...

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Section: Chronically Elevated Seawater Pco 2 Directly Affects the Sitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification

Stumpp

Melzner

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

221

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“…Despite these unanswered questions, authors are now in agreement that fertilisation may be relatively robust to near future ocean acidification [13][14][15]36]. There is however still acknowledgement of the paucity of data on the diversity of marine invertebrates [47] and lack of studies which correlate response of organisms with any natural variations of pH in their environment, which may provide organisms with pre adaptive capacity [42,43,60].…”

Section: Fertilisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larval development has been shown to be more sensitive than fertilisation to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 , particularly for echinoderm embryos and larvae, with delayed development, reduced survival and size and skeletal abnormalities mainly investigated in sea urchin and brittle star planktotrophic larvae (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei, [52,53]; Ophiothrix fragilis, [60,61]; Paracetrotus lividus [42]). Earlier and later studies using a range of pH levels within and outside emission scenarios for the end of the century, ranging from 3 days to 8 days in sea urchins and brittle stars, have reported delayed development and abnormal pluteus morphology.…”

Section: Echinodermsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Reproduction, Early Development and Settlement of Marine Organisms

Ross

Parker

O’Connor³

et al. 2011

Water

149

117

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Predicting the impact of warming and acidifying on oceans on the early development life history stages of invertebrates although difficult, is essential in order to anticipate the severity and consequences of future climate change. This review summarises the current literature and meta-analyses on the early life-history stages of invertebrates including fertilisation, larval development and the implications for dispersal and settlement of populations. Although fertilisation appears robust to near future predictions of ocean acidification, larval development is much more vulnerable and across invertebrate groups, evidence indicates that the impacts may be severe. This is especially for those many marine organisms which start to calcify in their larval and/or juvenile stages. Species-specificity and variability in responses and current gaps in the literature are highlighted, including the need for studies to investigate the total effects of climate change including the synergistic impact of temperature, and the need for long-term multigenerational experiments to determine whether vulnerable invertebrate species have the capacity to adapt to elevations in atmospheric CO 2 over the next century.

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“…Negative effects of elevated pCO 2 on reproductive endpoints such as sperm mobility, fertilization and hatching success have been observed in a number of species (Egilsdottir et al, 2009;Ellis et al, 2009;Havenhand et al, 2008;Kurihara et al, 2004a). Also, alterations in growth rate have been observed in many of the investigated species (Clark et al, 2009;Dupont et al, 2008;Findlay et al, 2009;Talmage and Gobler, 2009). Since many of these physiological processes are relevant to noncalcifying organisms, it is important to also investigate the responses of different members of this group to CO 2 -induced acidification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO<sub>2</sub>-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

Pedersen

Hansen

Altin³

et al. 2013

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. The impact of medium-term exposure to CO 2 -acidified seawater on survival, growth and development was investigated in the North Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Using a custom developed experimental system, fertilized eggs and subsequent development stages were exposed to normal seawater (390 ppm CO 2 ) or one of three different levels of CO 2 -induced acidification (3300, 7300, 9700 ppm CO 2 ). Following the 28-day exposure period, survival was found to be unaffected by exposure to 3300 ppm CO 2 , but significantly reduced at 7300 and 9700 ppm CO 2 . Also, the proportion of copepodite stages IV to VI observed in the different treatments was significantly affected in a manner that may indicate a CO 2 -induced retardation of the rate of ontogenetic development. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in size (prosome length) and lipid storage volume in stage IV copepodites exposed to 3300 ppm CO 2 and reduced size in stage III copepodites exposed to 7300 ppm CO 2 . Together, the findings indicate that a pCO 2 level ≤ 2000 ppm (the highest CO 2 level expected by the year 2300) will probably not directly affect survival in C. finmarchicus. Longer term experiments at more moderate CO 2 levels are, however, necessary before the possibility that growth and development may be affected below 2000 ppm CO 2 can be ruled out.

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Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species

Cited by 169 publications

References 42 publications

Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification

Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification

The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Reproduction, Early Development and Settlement of Marine Organisms

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO<sub>2</sub>-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

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Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species

Cited by 169 publications

References 42 publications

Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification

Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification

The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Reproduction, Early Development and Settlement of Marine Organisms

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod &lt;i&gt;Calanus finmarchicus&lt;/i&gt; (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

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Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO<sub>2</sub>-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development