Response of Sea Urchin Fitness Traits to Environmental Gradients Across the Southern California Oxygen Minimum Zone

Sato, Kirk N.; Andersson, Andréas; Day, James M.D.; Taylor, James B.; Frank, M.; Jung, Jae‐Young; McKittrick, Joanna; Levin, Lisa A.

doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00258

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the outcome for these larvae, however, appears to be strongly influenced by carryover effects that depend on the pH environment of their parents. Overall, robust evidence from the primary literature and agreement on echinoderm biological responses across reduced pH levels in the experimental conditions (Sato et al, 2018) lend a strong support for a potential role of echinoderm thresholds as a useful tool to interpret monitoring data and biogeochemical model simulations.…”

Section: Synthesis Of the Effects Of Oa On Echinoderms: Synthesis And Limitationmentioning

confidence: 61%

Synthesis of Thresholds of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Echinoderms

et al. 2021

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Assessing the vulnerability of marine invertebrates to ocean acidification (OA) requires an understanding of critical thresholds at which developmental, physiological, and behavioral traits are affected. To identify relevant thresholds for echinoderms, we undertook a three-step data synthesis, focused on California Current Ecosystem (CCE) species. First, literature characterizing echinoderm responses to OA was compiled, creating a dataset comprised of >12,000 datapoints from 41 studies. Analysis of this data set demonstrated responses related to physiology, behavior, growth and development, and increased mortality in the larval and adult stages to low pH exposure. Second, statistical analyses were conducted on selected pathways to identify OA thresholds specific to duration, taxa, and depth-related life stage. Exposure to reduced pH led to impaired responses across a range of physiology, behavior, growth and development, and mortality endpoints for both larval and adult stages. Third, through discussions and synthesis, the expert panel identified a set of eight duration-dependent, life stage, and habitat-dependent pH thresholds and assigned each a confidence score based on quantity and agreement of evidence. The thresholds for these effects ranged within pH from 7.20 to 7.74 and duration from 7 to 30 days, all of which were characterized with either medium or low confidence. These thresholds yielded a risk range from early warning to lethal impacts, providing the foundation for consistent interpretation of OA monitoring data or numerical ocean model simulations to support climate change marine vulnerability assessments and evaluation of ocean management strategies. As a demonstration, two echinoderm thresholds were applied to simulations of a CCE numerical model to visualize the effects of current state of pH conditions on potential habitat.

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Section: Synthesis Of the Effects Of Oa On Echinoderms: Synthesis And Limitationmentioning

confidence: 61%

Synthesis of Thresholds of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Echinoderms

et al. 2021

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“…The μCT study of Strongylocentrotus fragilis that had likely grown from the juvenile stage in chronic low pH (pH 7.69–7.57) and oxygen saturation on the Californian continental shelf, showed that that skeletal porosity and pore size is higher than that for conspecifics living at higher pH. For this species, skeletal porosity increased with decreasing pH and oxygen saturation, but it is not known how hypoxia and low pH interact with respect to the differences in the skeleton (Sato et al ., 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of environmental acidification on the microstructure and mechanical integrity of marine invertebrate skeletons

Byrne

Fitzer

2019

Conservation Physiology

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Ocean acidification (OA), from seawater uptake of anthropogenic CO2, has a suite of negative effects on the ability of marine invertebrates to produce and maintain their skeletons. Increased organism pCO2 causes hypercapnia, an energetically costly physiological stress. OA alters seawater carbonate chemistry, limiting the carbonate available to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals used to build skeletons. The reduced saturation state of CaCO3 also causes corrosion of CaCO3 structures. Global change is also accelerating coastal acidification driven by land-run off (e.g. acid soil leachates, tannic acid). Building and maintaining marine biomaterials in the face of changing climate will depend on the balance between calcification and dissolution. Overall, in response to environmental acidification, many calcifiers produce less biomineral and so have smaller body size. Studies of skeleton development in echinoderms and molluscs across life stages show the stunting effect of OA. For corals, linear extension may be maintained, but at the expense of less dense biomineral. Conventional metrics used to quantify growth and calcification need to be augmented by characterisation of the changes to biomineral structure and mechanical integrity caused by environmental acidification. Scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography of corals, tube worms and sea urchins exposed to experimental (laboratory) and natural (vents, coastal run off) acidification show a less dense biomineral with greater porosity and a larger void space. For bivalves, CaCO3 crystal deposition is more chaotic in response to both ocean and coastal acidification. Biomechanics tests reveal that these changes result in weaker, more fragile skeletons, compromising their vital protective roles. Vulnerabilities differ among taxa and depend on acidification level. Climate warming has the potential to ameliorate some of the negative effects of acidification but may also make matters worse. The integrative morphology-ecomechanics approach is key to understanding how marine biominerals will perform in the face of changing climate.

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“…Sato, Levin, and Schiff (2017), Sato et al. (2018) suggested that the ongoing decline in oxygen and pH will affect the ecology and fitness of sea urchins and may create species‐specific habitat compression and expansion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Arbacia punctulata has shown a 4.5 times increase in calcification when exposed to acidic conditions for 60 days, whereas Eucidaris tribuloides showed a 50% decrease and the difference was attributed to the species-specific protective external organic layer (Ries, Cohen, & McCorkle, 2009). Sato, Levin, and Schiff (2017), Sato et al (2018) suggested that the ongoing decline in oxygen and pH will affect the ecology and fitness of sea urchins and may create species-specific habitat compression and expansion.…”

Section: Response Of Sea Urchins To Acidification Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%