“…Specific to pseudarthrosis in bone, the use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to possibly aid in bone regeneration and healing of non-unions 26,27 , where LIPUS treatment may be effective for de novo bone formation during fracture healing 28,29 and maturation of existing bone 30,31 within a defect site. A broad range of pulsed frequencies that spans the kilohertz 32 and megahertz [33][34][35] scales have been shown to induce favourable conditions for osteogenesis. In particular, LIPUS specific to bone applications has been shown to upregulate alkaline phosphatase 36,37 , osteocalcin [36][37][38] , and members of the transformation growth factor β superfamily 39,40 , among other growth factors.…”