Response of Piezoelectric Lead–Zirconate–Titanate to Hypervelocity Silver Particles

Abstract

A short review of the properties of electron distribution functions in a fully ionized plasma in the presence of high-frequency laser radiation is given. Weak and strong field situations are considered. In a weak field, when the amplitude of the electron quiver velocity in the field is smaller than the electron thermal velocity, the distributions of both the thermal and the under thermal electrons are considered. The conditions are shown when it is necessary to take into account the deviation of the electron distribution function from a Maxwellian. In a strong field the kinetics of the electron is strongly determined by the field intensity and the distribution function in the coordinate system oscillating with the radiation frequency is anisotropic under broad physical conditions, and may be approximated by a bi-Maxwellian distribution with two different transverse and longitudinal temperatures. Among the most peculiar features of the laser modified electron distribution functions, it is worth quoting the pathway of the anisotropy evolution. Depending on the laser field parameters, the distribution function in the initial stages of the laser-plasma interaction is either elongated or squeezed parallel to the field polarization. In the later stages it evolves towards isotropization, which is always approached from the elongated shape. Thus, an initially squeezed distribution function first evolves towards an elongated shape and subsequently towards isotropization. The physical origin and the consequences of the reported features are discussed. In addition, a number of physical processes for which the theory demands the use of the described non-equilibrium distribution functions are briefly addressed.

Characteristics of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate fourteen-layered detector bombarded with high-energy xenon beam

“…It was also found that the sensitivity of the fourteen-layered detector was higher than that of a hundred-layered detector in this experiment. These results are useful for the application of PZT not only to radiation detectors but also to cosmic dust monitors onboard a satellite [12][13][14][15][16]. On the other hand, further investigation is required to determine the production mechanism of the acoustic signal in piezoelectric PZT.…”

Estimating the impact parameters of cosmic dust particles using a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate detector

“…These experiments were conducted at the University of Tokyo and Max-Planck-Institut fü r Kernphysik (MPI-K), and the results obtained so far were as follows (described in full in Miyachi et al, 2003Miyachi et al, , 2004Miyachi et al, , 2005a. When the output voltage obtained from the PZT detector appeared immediately after the collision, it was found that the output waveform was explicitly related to the particle's velocity on impact.…”

Response of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate detector to oblique impact with hypervelocity iron particles

“…We have been developing a cosmic dust detector using a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) target for use onboard the spacecraft (Miyachi et al, 2003(Miyachi et al, , 2004(Miyachi et al, , 2005a. PZT is a piezoelectric ceramic.…”