Response of mouse skin to tattooing: use of SKH-1 mice as a surrogate model for human tattooing

Gopee, Neera V.; Cui, Yanyan; Olson, Greg R.; Warbritton, Alan; Miller, Barbara J.; Couch, Letha H.; Wamer, Wayne G.; Howard, Paul C.

doi:10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.003

Cited by 71 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Many different animals have been used to investigate tattoos and their associated methods of removal, including pigs, 33 -36 mice, 37 guinea pigs 25,38,39 and rabbits. 40 Despite all animal models proving valid for tattoo studies, the pig was chosen for this study not only for the similarities between human and porcine integument systems but also primarily for the comparable ratio of skin surface area to body weight.…”

Section: Animal Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Poon

Dadour

McKinley

2008

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The chemical composition of tattooing pigments has varied greatly over time according to available technologies and materials. Beginning with naturally derived plant and animal extracts, to coloured inorganic oxides and salts, through to the modern industrial organic pigments favoured in today's tattooing studios. The demand for tattooing is steadily growing as it gains cultural popularity and acceptance in today's society, but ironically, increasing numbers of individuals are seeking laser removal of their tattoos for a variety of reasons. Organic pigments are favoured for tattooing because of their high tinting strength, light fastness, enzymatic resistance, dispersion and relatively inexpensive production costs. Adverse reactions have been reported for some organic inks, as well as potential complications, during laser removal procedures stemming from the unintentional creation of toxic by-products. Currently, regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration have not approved any coloured inks to be injected into the skin, and tattoo ink manufacturers often do not disclose the ingredients in their products to maintain proprietary knowledge of their creations. A methodology was established using micro-Raman spectroscopy on an animal model to correctly identify the constituents of a selection of modern, organic tattoo inks in situ or post procedure, within the skin. This may serve as a preliminary tool prior to engaging in Q-switched laser removals to assess the risks of producing potentially hazardous compounds. Likewise, the pigments responsible for causing adverse reactions in some patients may be quickly identified to hasten any corresponding treatment.

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Section: Animal Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Poon

Dadour

McKinley

2008

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…1, 24, 48 und 72 Stunden sowie 8 Tage nach Abnahme des Applikations-Patches ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf eine Reizung (Bayer AG 1985). (Gopee et al 2005).…”

Section: Hautunclassified

Eisenoxide (einatembare Fraktion) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2011]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe , 51. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2011 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Allgemeine Charakterisierung Vorkommen Lagerstätten und Hauptförderländer Herstellung und Verwendung Rohstoffe Herstellungs‐ und Verarbeitungsprozess Herstellung synthetischer Eisenoxide (Pigmente) Verwendungsgebiete ― Eisenoxide Messverfahren Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter Wirkungsmechanismus Toxikokinetik und Metabolismus Aufnahme, Verteilung, Ausscheidung Metabolismus Erfahrungen beim Menschen Einmalige Exposition Wiederholte Exposition Wirkung auf Haut und Schleimhäute Allergene Wirkung Reproduktionstoxizität Genotoxizität Kanzerogenität Tierexperimentelle Befunde und In‐vitro‐Untersuchungen Akute Toxizität Subakute, subchronische und chronische Toxizität Wirkung auf Haut und Schleimhäute Allergene Wirkung Reproduktionstoxizität Genotoxizität Kanzerogenität Sonstige Wirkungen Bewertung

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“…injections at baseline levels. By contrast, Gopee and co-workers, who studied the immunological effect of tattooing with ink on dorsal skin in hairless mice, reported increased inflammation and necrosis within the epidermis until day 1 followed a decrease by day 3; inflammation and cell death were occurring later in the dermis, from day 3 onwards and persisted until day 7-10, depending upon the tested ink [247]. These discrepancies of cell death persistence could be attributed to the different needle sizes and geometries used here versus Gopee's group, as well as comparing dorsal versus ear skin, resulting in a ~4-fold skin thickness difference.…”

Section: Cell Death Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Tested in vitro with sonication, over 70% of cells were found to die at high intensities (0.54 MPa), presumably via an apoptotic pathway [214] -immune responses were not assessed in this particular study. Using tattooing devices, the effect of repeated needle penetration was investigated [247]. Not only was a local inflammation and haemorrhage in the treated murine tissue area visible, but also necrotic cell death in the epidermis as determined by histology.…”

Section: Cell Death and Innate Immune Responses To Vaccine Delivery Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that sutures after operations or on larger wounds may increase local inflammation and skin trauma [515], potentially leading to (apoptotic and necrotic) cell death in the affected areas. Gopee et al [247] investigated the effect of different tattooing inks in murine skin and different levels of cell death were evoked by the dyes. However, control groups receiving plain needle insertions or saline injections were not included.…”

Section: Adjuvants and Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of cell death caused by the Nanopatch™ and its role in vaccine delivery as a physical immune enhancer

Depelsenaire¹

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Since the introduction of vaccines, millions of lives have been saved. Yet, infectious diseases continue to contribute to deaths in underdeveloped countries, with over 2 million children dying per year from preventable diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. Despite the advantages of vaccines, there are also some risks and disadvantages associated with vaccines and their delivery such as the need for medical personnel for administration, refrigeration of the vaccine, disease transmission associated with needles and potential adverse side effects due to adjuvants. While intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are most frequently used for vaccine administration, these sites are poor in antigen-presenting cells. The skin, the largest immunological organ, by contrast contains a dense network of antigen-presenting cells, important in the uptake of antigen and presentation to naive T-cells, and has received increased interest as a target site for vaccine delivery. Intradermal immunisations have achieved significant dose-sparing over conventional immunisation routes. However, using existing needle designs, intradermal injections can be difficult to administer into the thin dermal layer due to the proportionally large scale of the needle. This has led to the development of alternative skin-based delivery methods, such as microneedle arrays.Here, the Nanopatch™ is an array containing 3364 microprojections of ~110 µm in length, which was used to deliver the vaccine into the viable epidermis and dermis of the skin. With an unprecedented >100-fold dose-sparing reported by the Nanopatch™ in comparison to conventional immunisation strategies with an influenza split virion vaccine, the mechanisms behind this skin- The extent of cell death after Nanopatch™ application and intradermal injection was investigated, characterised and quantified by Confocal/ Multiphoton microscopy, Western Blot and flow cytometry. A distinct pattern of dead cells was obtained with significantly higher levels (~65-fold) of cell death in murine ear skin following Nanopatch™ treatment than intradermal injection.ii | P a g e Measured skin cell death was tuneable by changing projection density but not shapes, and was associated with modelled stresses of ≥1 MPa.Immunogenicity studies demonstrated consistently and statistically significantly higher anti-IgG endpoint titres (up to 50-fold higher) in Nanopatch™ than intradermally injected groups after delivery of a split virion influenza vaccine, with a 10-fold dose-sparing effect. Importantly, colocalisation of delivered antigen with both, live and dead cells was necessary for immunogenicity enhancement. Overall, higher inflammatory responses and longer-lasting antigen depot formation were associated with Nanopatch™ immunisations but not with intradermal injections. The findings indicated a correlation between co-localisation of antigen cell death caused by the Nanopatch™ and enhanced immunogenicity with split virion influenza vaccine as model antigen.Collectively, the data presented wi...

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Response of mouse skin to tattooing: use of SKH-1 mice as a surrogate model for human tattooing

Cited by 71 publications

References 77 publications

In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Eisenoxide (einatembare Fraktion) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2011]

Investigation of cell death caused by the Nanopatch™ and its role in vaccine delivery as a physical immune enhancer

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