Response of hepatic mfo activity and plasma sex steroids to secondary treatment of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent and mill shutdown

Munkttrick, K. R. M.; Kraak, Glen J. Van Der; McMaster, Mark E.; Portt, C. B.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620111008

Cited by 73 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…This finding is in accordance with results obtained for feral fish caught outside mills with bleached chemical pulp production (Munkittrick et al 1992). The 17-β-estradiol levels showed no differences between exposed and reference fish.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Impact of Mechanical Pulp Mill Effluent on Egg Hatchability of Brown Trout

Johnsen

Grotell²,

Tana³

et al. 2000

Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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Egg hatchability and fry development are considered to be the sensitive stages of fish to different chemical toxicants and effluents. Effects of chemical pulp mill effluents on reproduction and early life stages have been studied in laboratory (Tana & Nikunen 1986, Vuorinen & Vuorinen 1987 and in these studies a negative impact on egg or sperm viability and embryo and fry quality were demonstrated. On the other hand, in laboratory studies with secondary treated thermomechanical pulp mill effluent, no effects on hatching of the eggs or hatchability of the second generation eggs of fathead minnow were observed (Kovacs et al, 1995). The succes of reproduction and survival of fry can, however, depend on other factors than direct toxic effects on egg and fry. Pre-exposure of the parent fish may be an important initiator to effects on reproduction. Under laboratory conditions, a standard egg and fry test with zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) is often used when testing the toxicity of a substance or an effluent. Feral fish species, however, have been used to a limited extent in reproduction studies.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of both untreated and treated effluent from a mill producing magazine paper from mechanical pulp on the early life stages from pre-exposed sexually mature brown trout (Salmo trutta) under laboratory conditions. Brown trout is a cold water species and is therefore adapted to conditions found in the receiving waters in boreal regions. The parental fish exposure included the last four months prior to spawning when gametes reach their final size and maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe mill investigated is an integrated magazine paper mill. Thermomechanical and stone ground wood pulp are produced from spurce (Picea abies), and hydrogen peroxide is used as the bleaching agent. The effluent treatment plant includes secondary treatment, followed by flotation. The secondary treatment comprises an anaerobic stage followed by an aerobic stage with activated sludge plant. The tested effluents were sampled daily before and after the biological treatment system and mixed to week samples and stored in cold (+ 4 C o ). The chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr ) in the untreated effluent was 1500 mg/l and in the treated effluent

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Impact of Mechanical Pulp Mill Effluent on Egg Hatchability of Brown Trout

Johnsen

Grotell²,

Tana³

et al. 2000

Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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“…Steroid levels were not examined at Norrsundet, but other end points indicated reproductive and recruitment problems [41]. During a brief mill (maintenance) shutdown, Terrace Bay longnose sucker females exhibited lower testosterone levels at all sampling sites and lower estradiol levels near the effluent plume; males showed no differences in testosterone or 1 I-ketotestosterone [4]. During a brief mill (maintenance) shutdown, Terrace Bay longnose sucker females exhibited lower testosterone levels at all sampling sites and lower estradiol levels near the effluent plume; males showed no differences in testosterone or 1 I-ketotestosterone [4].…”

Section: Reproduction: Circulating Sex Steroid Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Population effects were less dramatic or not detected in Canadian studies and were absent at Monsteris, Sweden, and Flint River, Georgia [7-91. Deformities and increased fin erosion were found at Norrsundet [lo] but not Espanola, Ontario [6]. nad size and a lack of normal development of secondary sex characteristics were observed in spawning and developing white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from Terrace Bay [3,4]. Reduced levels of circulating sex steroids, accompanied by reduced go-*To whom correspondence may be addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure of fish to biologically treated bleached‐kraft effluent. 1. Biochemical, physiological and pathological assessment of rocky mountain whitefish (prosopium williamsoni) and longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus)

Kloepper-Sams

Swanson

Marchant

et al. 1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A suite of biochemical, physiological, and pathological measures was used to assess possible effects of exposure to bleached‐kraft mill effluent (BKME) on wild longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in the Wapiti/Smoky river system, as compared to similar populations in a reference river system without BKME inputs. Individual fish body burden data (i.e., metals, polychlorinated dioxins and furans, fatty and resin acids, chlorophenolics) were examined for correlations between chemical exposure and biological response. General incidence of gross pathology and histopathology showed no relationship with exposure to BKME, and no neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions were observed in either exposed or reference fish. The few significant differences observed in longnose sucker blood parameters were not correlated with exposure to BKME and appeared to reflect, at least in part, habitat gradients. Liver somatic indexes were higher for female BKME‐exposed longnose sucker, but were not significantly different in male sucker nor in mountain whitefish. Some differences in circulating sex steroid levels were observed in longnose sucker exposed to BKME (but not in mountain whitefish, the species with higher contaminant body burdens). Steroid profile differences may have been related to natural differences in duration of spawning periods in the two fish populations. Other measures of reproductive capacity (relative gonad size, fecundity, young‐of‐the‐year) showed no reductions in exposed fish. The detoxification enzyme cytochrome P4501A was induced in both species, with greater induction in whitefish than in longnose sucker. Whitefish P4501A induction correlated well with some BKME exposure measures, but not with liver or gonad weights, pathology, reproductive capacity, or population‐level parameters. Increased liver size and apparent differences in sex steroid profiles in longnose sucker did not translate to other health effects or population‐level effects. Thus, exposure to this biologically treated BKME produced one consistent biochemical marker of exposure (P4501A) in the two fish species that was not associated with any discernible adverse effects on individual fish health.

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“…When fish were placed in clean water, levels of P4581A mRNA cleared more rapidly in pulp mill exposed tomcod than in fish injected with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxina (2,3,7,. Temporary mill shutdown has also caused reduction of elevated P4501A enzymes and recovery of plasma steroid hormone levels (Munkittrick et al 1992b). Elevated levels of P4501A and reduced steroid hormones have also been observed at mills that do not use chlorine in the bleaching process ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, plasma steroid hormone concentrations, and liver bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent concentrations in wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) caged in bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

Heuvel¹,

Dixon²,

Munkittrick³

et al. 1995

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Prespawning male white sucker (Gaeosromus comrnersoni), captured near Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior (exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME)), and Mountain Bay (reference) were caged in the BKME receiving area for 2, 4, and 8 d. Initially, the hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase activity was similar in fish from both BKME and reference sites and, upon BKME exposure, increased 20-fold at both sites after 2 d. The H4IIE cell culture bioassay was used to measure 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent concentration (TEC) in sucker liver extracts. H4HHE bioassay-derived TECs from Jackfish Bay sucker showed no significant treatment differences; combined TECs for all treatments averaged 5 B. B pg-g-l. Mountain Bay sucker liver TECs were initially significantly less (4.64 pg-g-") than the Jackfish Bay TECs but did show a significant, fivefold increase when fish were exposed to efiluent, Mountain Bay and Jackfish Bay 8-d BKME-exposed fish showed no uptake of TECs calculated from directly measured polychlorinated dibenzo-g-dioxins (BCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during this exposure. The results suggest that PCDDs and BCBFs are not responsible for the mixed function oxidase induction observed. Handling stress caused rapid reduction of the plasma steroids testosterone and B I-ketotestosterone, confounding any possible BKME effect.

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Response of hepatic mfo activity and plasma sex steroids to secondary treatment of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent and mill shutdown

Cited by 73 publications

References 40 publications

Impact of Mechanical Pulp Mill Effluent on Egg Hatchability of Brown Trout

Impact of Mechanical Pulp Mill Effluent on Egg Hatchability of Brown Trout

Exposure of fish to biologically treated bleached‐kraft effluent. 1. Biochemical, physiological and pathological assessment of rocky mountain whitefish (prosopium williamsoni) and longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus)

Hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, plasma steroid hormone concentrations, and liver bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent concentrations in wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) caged in bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

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