Response of graphene to femtosecond high-intensity laser irradiation

Roberts, Arthur G.; Cormode, Daniel; Reynolds, Collin; Newhouse-Illige, Ty; LeRoy, Brian J.; Sandhu, Arvinder

doi:10.1063/1.3623760

Cited by 184 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Currie et al studied the femtosecond laser induced damages on graphene and has shown that even at a very low laser fluence of 14 mJ/cm 2 , some modifications of graphene lattice can be observed [11]. Roberts et al studied 50 fs laser pulse interaction with graphene and has demonstrated a clean micro-hole formed on graphene by a single pulse laser shot [12]. Several other techniques including femtosecond laser direct-writing of 40 nm thick graphene films [13] and graphene oxides films [14,15] have been proposed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser direct micro-cutting and profiling of graphene

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2012

Appl. Phys. A

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This paper reports the formation of uniform single layer micro-patterns of graphene on a glass substrate using direct femtosecond laser cutting. The cutting of graphene was achieved in air and argon. By translating the graphene sample with respect to the laser beam, continuous micro-channels were carved. The cutting geometry can be controlled by varying the laser fluence and the scanning path. Also, 1∼2 μm wide graphene micro-ribbons were hatched out. The ablation threshold of graphene was determined to be 0.16∼0.21 J/cm 2 . With the laser fluence higher than the ablation threshold, graphene was ablated rapidly and removed completely without damaging the glass substrate. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy have been used to confirm the ablation of graphene. Time domain finite difference modelling was employed to understand the thermal history of the laser ablation process.

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confidence: 99%

Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser direct micro-cutting and profiling of graphene

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2012

Appl. Phys. A

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“…The increase in the potential energy was 27.90 eV after the pulse had decayed, which corresponds to an effective fluence of 8.20 mJ/cm 2 . The effective fluence depends on the periodic boundary conditions, 20 33 Recently a threshold of 14 mJ/cm 2 for a damage has been reported. 34 These results indicate the stability of the underlying graphene sheet.…”

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confidence: 99%

Laser-induced preferential dehydrogenation of graphane

2012

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We have used first-principles simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory to show that short laser pulses can trigger preferential hydrogen desorption from the upper or lower side of suspended graphane (H-terminated graphene). This control is achieved by using intense ultrashort p-polarized laser pulses (∼2 fs) with an asymmetric time envelope. The dynamical Stark effect induced by the pulse creates an asymmetric charge distribution and force field on the H ions, even at low laser fluence. At finite temperatures the carbon-hydrogen stretching softens, favoring H desorption from one side. This transient geometry can be modified by halogen functionalization, which results in a two-dimensional dipolar structure. Single-layer graphene is fabricated by mechanically peeling off a layer of carbon from pyrolytic graphite.1 Graphene's unique electronic, chemical, and mechanical properties and its potential applications have been extensively studied. Chemically modified graphene has been investigated, 2 and hydrogen (H)-terminated graphene, known as graphane, has also been found to be theoretically stable.3 Further theoretical studies have examined its structural, magnetic, and optical properties, 4-9 and its experimental synthesis has also been investigated. 10,11 Graphene that is H terminated on only one side has also been proposed for use in spin-polarized devices with the structure known as graphone, 12 or as a gapped semiconductor material with full H coverage. 13In this Rapid Communication we propose a way of H desorption, which is mainly from one side of a suspended graphane sheet, with the use of an asymmetric pulse of the femtosecond laser by performing first-principles simulations. Further chemical modification of this side with other reactive species can reach the heterogeneously terminated graphene, which was recently studied.14 We emphasize that this asymmetrically biased desorption is thermodynamically difficult and thus has not been considered in former theoretical studies for stability, 15,16 because the carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond is the same on both sides. The femtosecond laser pulse has an asymmetric electric field (E-field) time envelope in order to induce dehydrogenation on one side of the graphane in our first-principles molecular dynamics calculations, based on the Ehrenfest time-dependent density functional theory (E-TDDFT) framework. 17,18 In this work, the z axis is set normal to the graphane sheet with the sheet at z = 0, and z > 0 and z < 0 are taken as the upper and lower regions, respectively (Fig. 1). An E-field polarized normal to the graphane sheet with the envelope shown in Fig. 2 results in a positive (upward) force on the ions and a negative force on the electrons. The H atoms in the upper region are desorbed from the sheet by this pulse, whereas the H atoms in the lower region remain bound. Thus, the upper graphene region remains chemically active, making this graphone sheet transient, which can be used for further functionalization. 19 We provide a complete microscopi...

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“…We note that below the damage threshold intensity, no saturation of the graphene absorption has been observed. This is in contrast to experiments with short (ps) laser pulses, where the damage threshold [26] is several orders of magnitude larger than the saturation intensity [27].…”

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confidence: 39%

Monolayer graphene as dissipative membrane in an optical resonator

2016

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We experimentally demonstrate coupling of an atomically thin, free-standing graphene membrane to an optical cavity. By changing the position of the membrane along the standing-wave field of the cavity we tailor the dissipative coupling between the membrane and the cavity, and we show that the dissipative coupling can outweigh the dispersive coupling. Such a system, for which controlled dissipation prevails dispersion, will prove useful for novel laser-cooling schemes in optomechanics. In addition, we have determined the continuouswave optical damage threshold of free-standing monolayer graphene of 1.8(4) MW/cm 2 at 780nm.The coupling between light and matter is a fundamental ingredient for many applications ranging from highly precise detection of mechanical motion [1,2] to quantum information science [3]. Accurate control over the amplitude and phase of the coupling requires precise localization of the matter relative to the light field. Such control has been experimentally demonstrated using microscopic, point-like physical systems such as single atoms [4], trapped ions [5,6], gold nanoparticles [7], semiconductor quantum dots [8] and NV centers in diamond [9]. Additionally, macroscopic objects, such as SiN membranes have been coupled locally to standing-wave light fields [10,11]. They combine low absorption and high dispersion with very good handling, and they have been used, for example, in optomechanical experiments [12] in which the motion-dependent interaction between the membrane and a light field is studied.Advances in the fabrication of two-dimensional materials, like graphene [13], have made it possible to fabricate atomically thin membranes, which combine the ease of use of macroscopic membranes with the positioning accuracy of a single atom. Owing to their low mass and high stiffness they promise higher vibrational frequencies [14,15] than SiN membranes, which is of great interest for future graphene-based optomechanical applications. Another key difference between membranes made of graphene and those made of SiN is the nature of the light-matter coupling. While for SiN membranes the coupling is dispersive, for graphene membranes it has been predicted to be mostly dissipative since a monolayer of graphene exhibits a single-pass absorption of A ≈ πα = 2.3% in the optical range [16]. Hence, a graphene membrane will cause a position-dependent dissipation of the intra-cavity field, which is wavelengthindependent within the visible to near infra-red spectral range. In contrast to standard dispersive optomechanical coupling [12], a predominantly dissipative coupling between membrane and cavity field could allow for efficient laser cooling of the membrane's motion even outside the resolved sideband regime [17,18].Recently, graphene has been optomechanically coupled to superconducting microwave cavities [15] and to the evanescent field of an optical microsphere-resonator [19], however, in both cases the spatial structure of the electromagnetic field was not resolved in the coupling. Here we present...

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Response of graphene to femtosecond high-intensity laser irradiation

Cited by 184 publications

References 19 publications

Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser direct micro-cutting and profiling of graphene

Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser direct micro-cutting and profiling of graphene

Laser-induced preferential dehydrogenation of graphane

Monolayer graphene as dissipative membrane in an optical resonator

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