Response of Germ-Free Animals to Experimental Virus Monocontamination. I. Observation on Coxsackie B Virus.

Schaffer, James; Beamer, Parker R.; Trexler, P. C.; Breidenbach, G. Peter; Walcher, Dwain N.

doi:10.3181/00379727-112-28105

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Antibiotic-treated Aedes aegypti are more susceptible to DENV infection (Cirimotich et al, 2011; Ramirez et al, 2012; Xi et al, 2008). In mammalian intestinal cell culture, commensals were shown to block rotavirus infection (Varyukhina et al, 2012) and germ-free mice are more susceptible to coxsackievirus infection displaying an increase in virus-associated mortality (Pang and Iwasaki, 2012; Schaffer et al, 1963). Moreover, the microbiota is protective from influenza virus infection of the lung and from systemic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (Abt et al, 2012; Ichinohe et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, there has been an increasing appreciation that the commensals that inhabit the intestine are essential players in immunity across hosts (Buchon et al, 2013a; Charroux and Royet, 2012; Lee and Brey, 2013; Sommer and Backhed, 2013). Indeed, the microbiota and innate immune system are constantly engaged and impact infection in the gut (Cirimotich et al, 2011; Pang and Iwasaki, 2012; Ramirez et al, 2012; Schaffer et al, 1963; Xi et al, 2008). However, the molecular links between the microbiota and immunity are only beginning to be defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiota-Dependent Priming of Antiviral Intestinal Immunity in Drosophila

Sansone

Cohen

Yasunaga

et al. 2015

Cell Host & Microbe

141

157

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Summary Enteric pathogens must overcome intestinal defenses to establish infection. In Drosophila, the ERK signaling pathway inhibits enteric virus infection. The intestinal microflora also impacts immunity but its role in enteric viral infection is unknown. Here we show that two signals are required to activate antiviral ERK signaling in the intestinal epithelium. One signal depends on recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota, particularly from the commensal Acetobacter pomorum, which primes the NF-kB-dependent induction of a secreted factor, Pvf2. However, the microbiota is not sufficient to induce this pathway; a second virus-initiated signaling involving release of transcriptional paused genes mediated by the kinase Cdk9 is also required for Pvf2 production. Pvf2 stimulates antiviral immunity by binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase PVR, which is necessary and sufficient for intestinal ERK responses. These findings demonstrate that sensing of specific commensals primes inflammatory signaling required for epithelial responses that restrict enteric viral infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota-Dependent Priming of Antiviral Intestinal Immunity in Drosophila

Sansone

Cohen

Yasunaga

et al. 2015

Cell Host & Microbe

141

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several groups have shown that intestinal bacteria promote MNoV replication and persistence (10, 58, 59). Importantly, the beneficial effects of the bacterial microbiota on enteric viruses are not observed when viruses are delivered by intraperitoneal injection that bypasses the natural oral infection route (55, 59, 60). This may explain why effects of the microbiota on enteric viruses were unrecognized until recently; many previous studies delivered virus by injection rather than the natural oral route.…”

Section: Promotion Of Enteric Viral Infection By Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine

Pfeiffer

Virgin

2016

Science

217

179

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Viruses that infect the intestine include major human pathogens (retroviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses) constituting a major public health problem worldwide. These viral pathogens are members of a large, complex viral community inhabiting the intestine termed the enteric virome. Enteric viruses have intimate functional and genetic relationships with both the host and other microbial constituents that inhabit the intestine, like the bacterial microbiota, their associated phages, helminthes and fungi which together constitute the microbiome. Emerging data indicate that enteric viruses regulate, and are in turn regulated by, these other microbes through a series of processes termed transkingdom interactions. This represents a changing paradigm in intestinal immunity to viral infection. Here we review recent advances in the field and propose new ways in which to conceptualize this important area.

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“…CVB3 is a nonenveloped, single-strand RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family and is very closely related to poliovirus. In the 1960s Schaffer et al demonstrated that germ-free mice were more susceptible to CVB3 compared with colonized mice (56). These results suggest that microbiota inhibit CVB3 infection.…”

Section: Unclear Effects Of the Microbiota On Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses and the Microbiota

2014

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Every surface of the human body is colonized by a diverse microbial community called the microbiota, yet the impact of microbiota on viruses is unclear. Recent research has advanced our understanding of how microbiota influence viral infection. Microbiota inhibit infection of some viruses and promote infection of other viruses. These effects can occur through direct and/or indirect effects on the host and/or virus. This review examines the known effects and mechanisms by which the microbiota influence mammalian virus infections. Furthermore, we suggest strategies for future research on how microbiota impact viruses. Overall, microbiota may influence a wide array of viruses through diverse mechanisms, making the study of virus-microbiota interactions a fertile area for future investigation.

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Response of Germ-Free Animals to Experimental Virus Monocontamination. I. Observation on Coxsackie B Virus.

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Microbiota-Dependent Priming of Antiviral Intestinal Immunity in Drosophila

Microbiota-Dependent Priming of Antiviral Intestinal Immunity in Drosophila

Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine

Viruses and the Microbiota

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