Response of fluctuating asymmetry to arsenic toxicity: support for the developmental selection hypothesis

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

“…There is a large literature on the effects of toxins, such as heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, air pollution, and sewage on the developmental stability of plants [139][140][141], invertebrates [142,143], fishes [144,145], amphibians [146], reptiles [147], birds [148], and mammals [149]. These select references represent a small fraction of the literature on environmental toxicology and fluctuating asymmetry.…”

Size polymorphism and fluctuating asymmetry of Artemia (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) populations from the Crimea

“…shown that mortality of individuals with high FA may be more than of ones with less manifested FA (Floate and Fox, 2000;Polak et al, 2002;Fréchette et al, 2003;Shadrin et al, 2005). FA may increase with growth to some age and later sharply decreases as this was observed in several species of bivalve mollusks (Shadrin et al, 2005).…”

Establishment of a three-step method to evaluate effects of chemicals on development of zebrafish embryo/larvae

“…Environmental stress caused by pollution with chemicals often has direct effects on physiological states of individuals. Even when short-term lethality is not observed when animals are exposed to most concentrations of toxicants in aquatic environments, continuous, chronic exposure can result in lesser fitness, which could subsequently lead to adverse effects on survival, tolerance of other stresses, resistance to disease growth and reproductive effects such as fertility or fecundity (Polak et al, 2002). Therefore, there was a need to develop a series of sub-lethal parameters for evaluating the risks of chemicals.…”