Response of cross-correlations between high PM2.5 and O3 with increasing time scales to the COVID-19: different trends in BTH and PRD

Abstract

The air pollution in China currently is characterized by high fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone (O 3 ) concentrations. Compared with single high pollution events, such double high pollution (DHP) events (both PM 2.5 and O 3 are above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)) pose a greater threat to public health and environment. In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 provided a special time window to further understand the cross-correlation between PM 2.5 and O 3 . Based on this background, a novel detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA) based on maximum time series of variable time scales (VM-DCCA) method is established in this paper to compare the cross-correlation between high PM 2.5 and O 3 in Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei (BTH) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). At first, the results show that PM 2.5 decreased while O 3 increased in most cities due to the effect of COVID-19, and the increase in O 3 is more significant in PRD than in BTH. Secondly, through DCCA, the results show that the PM 2.5 -O 3 DCCA exponents α decrease by an average of 4.40% and 2.35% in BTH and PRD respectively during COVID-19 period compared with non-COVID-19 period. Further, through VM-DCCA, the results show that the PM 2.5 -O 3 VM-DCCA exponents in PRD weaken rapidly with the increase of time scales, with decline range of about 23.53% and 22.90% during the non-COVID-19 period and COVID-19 period respectively at 28-h time scale. BTH is completely different. Without significant tendency, its is always higher than that in PRD at different time scales. Finally, we explain the above results with the self-organized criticality (SOC) theory. The impact of meteorological conditions and atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) variation during the COVID-19 period on SOC state are further discussed. The results show that the characteristics of cross-correlation between high PM 2.5 and O 3 are the manifestation of the SOC theory of atmospheric system. Relevant conclusions are important for the establishment of regionally targeted PM 2.5 -O 3 DHP coordinated control strategies.