Response of appetite and potential appetite regulators following intake of high energy nutritional supplements

Abstract

Keywords:High energy supplements Appetite Appetite hormones Gastric emptying Thermogenesis Control of food intake a b s t r a c t Background:The net clinical benefit of high-energy nutritional supplements (HENSDs) consumption is lower than expected. Objectives: To investigate the extent to which consumption of oral HENSD in the fasted state reduces energy intake in slim females during consecutive breakfast and lunch, and whether this relates to changes in appetite and metabolic appetite regulators. Design: Twenty three females of 24.4 ± 2.8 years with BMI of 18.2 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 consumed HENSD (2.5 MJ) or PLACEBO (0.4 MJ) in fasted state in a single blind randomized cross-over study. Appetite and metabolic rate measurements and blood collection were conducted prior to and during 240 min after the intake of the supplements. Energy intake was recorded during ad libitum buffet breakfast and lunch served 60 min and 240 min post supplementation respectively. Results: Energy intake during breakfast was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the HENSD trial but the net cumulative effect on energy intake was 1.07 ± 0.34 MJ higher in the HENSD compared to PLACEBO. Plasma concentration of CCK and PYY and insulin and were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the HENSD trial while appetite measures were not significantly different between HENSD and PLACEBO trials. Correlations for the within participant relations between the responses of plasma hormones and appetite scores were significant (P < 0.05) for PYY and insulin but not CCK. The energy expended above resting metabolic rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the HENDS trial but relative increase in energy expenditure was not significantly different between the two trials. Conclusion: Oral high-energy nutritional supplements have a partial and relatively short lived suppressive action on energy intake and can be expected to increase net energy intake by approximately half the energy value of the supplement consumed.

Impact of therapeutic food compared to oral nutritional supplements on nutritional outcomes in mildly underweight healthy children in a low-medium income society

“…This suggests that at least 2/3 of the energy ingested may have been compensated, by eating less at other times. We have previously shown in a well-controlled, mechanistic, energy balance study that almost half of the energy provided by ONS was compensated for by eating less during a consecutive meal [19]. Energy compensation may explain to some extent, why supplementation trials in under-or malnourished children have found that observed weight gain rate was substantially less than predicted [20][21][22].…”

Impact of phenylketonuria type meal on appetite, thermic effect of feeding and postprandial fat oxidation

“…Future studies should investigate combined effect of both PKU protein substitute and meals based on special low protein foods on research outcomes of this study. The responses of gut hormones were measured in a subset of the volunteers since research previously conducted by us [29] and others [15,18] has shown that using this number allowed identification of meaningful and statistically significant differences in plasma concentrations of PYY and GLP-1.…”

Intake of dietary supplements and malnutrition in patients in intensive care unit

“…[ 10 11 ] Moreover, consumption of dietary supplements containing multivitamins and minerals can improve the appetite. [ 12 ] Thus, anorexia as a prevalent outcome of hospitalization can be prevented to some extent and patients would receive more energy and macronutrients, subsequently. [ 12 ] Finally, it may reduce the malnutrition and death rate in the hospitals.…”

“…[ 12 ] Thus, anorexia as a prevalent outcome of hospitalization can be prevented to some extent and patients would receive more energy and macronutrients, subsequently. [ 12 ] Finally, it may reduce the malnutrition and death rate in the hospitals. [ 12 ] Besides the treatment of primary disease, providing the energy requirement of the tissues and organs is the most significant action to rehabilitate the malnourished patients.…”

“…[ 12 ] Finally, it may reduce the malnutrition and death rate in the hospitals. [ 12 ] Besides the treatment of primary disease, providing the energy requirement of the tissues and organs is the most significant action to rehabilitate the malnourished patients. Nutritional assessment includes biochemical analyses, anthropometric measurements, clinical observation, and dietary evaluation.…”