“…This has been accompanied by changing attitudes within society towards animals, their wellbeing and ethical management [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Accordingly, it is not surprising that there are frequent debates at the scientific, clinical and public level about what are appropriate and/or effective interventions, e.g., see the recent debate on the use of handheld electronic training collars for dogs [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”