Response and Regulation of the Microenvironment Based on Hollow Structured Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract

Hollow structured materials with easily modifiable surfaces and enclosed interior spaces have emerged as the most promising candidates in drug delivery systems (DDS). With various functional components and inspiring cavities for creative reinvention, the response and regulation of the external and internal microenvironment of hollow structures enable their ideal drug delivery capabilities by improving drug aggregation in targeted sites and maintaining plasma concentrations at the optimal therapeutic ranges. This review begins with an in-depth explanation of the interactions and release mechanisms of hollow structure-based DDS, including diffusion, assembly, solvent activation, and chemical control, all of which are of great significance for the design of smart drug carriers. Next, recent advances in external microenvironmentresponsive drug delivery systems are introduced, based on various chemical signals and external field assists. Focusing on the unique view of intra-carrier variability, the strategies for regulating the internal environment are then highlighted, including pH regulation, temperature regulation, and mechanical force regulation. Finally, this review discusses possible challenges and prospects for hollow structure-based, particularly hollow multishelled structures intelligence-responsive drug delivery platforms, providing valuable strategies for the development of the next generation of responsive DDS.

Harnessing chemical functionality of xylan hemicellulose towards bio-based pH/magnetic dual-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel for drug delivery

“…PEGDA, derived from polyethylene glycol, stands as a pivotal biocompatible polymer with eco-friendly attributes and degradable characteristics [37]. Due to the wealth of reactive hydroxyl functional groups within the XH molecular structure, these sites can be harnessed for chemical reactions [38,39]. By incorporating bio-based AA and PEGDA through a free radical graft polymerization process, a three-dimensional hemicellulose hydrogel can be created with a nearly 100% biobased and biodegradable compositions [40].…”

Hollow spherical Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles with a magnetic vortex configuration for enhanced magnetic hyperthermia efficacy

“…28–30 For example, hollow nanoparticles can serve as high-performance targeted drug carriers due to the hollow nature of the MNPs. 31–33 Additionally, micromagnetic simulations were conducted on hollow spherical particles, revealing that the presence of a stable vortex state is dependent on the critical particle size. Particularly, as the shell thickness decreases, the critical particle size decreases further, indicating the influence of the shell thickness on the stability of the vortex state.…”