Responding to Terror: An Empirical Analysis of U.S. Military Activity, Public Opinion, and Transnational Terrorism

A Preliminary Exploration on the Views of Terrorism Among Indian and U.S. College Students

“…On the other hand, politicians may not be swayed by public opinion if they feel the response is needed and justified. As Carter and Fay (2019) pointed out, "[b]y design, democracies allow for policy feedback (public signals) in the presence and absence of disruptive shocks as economic crisis, war, and, in this case, terrorism" (p. 6).…”

Essays on defense economics

“…For example, recent contributions of Savun and Phillips (2009) suggest that states which are actively involved in international politics regardless of their regime type, are prone to transnational terrorism. Carter and Fay (2019) demonstrate that increased US military activity could increase, even only contemporaneously, future displays of terrorism.…”

“…To our knowledge, this is the first attempt that studies this relationship. There is only one study which argues that there is a positive spiral relationship between a terrorist attack and military activity (Carter and Fay 2019). However, this paper does not discuss identification issues.…”

“…This impact may be particularly relevant in the European context of highly regulated labor markets that often do not integrate new immigrants well (Fraytag et al 2011). Moreover, following the work of Eckstein and Tsiddon (2004) and Carter and Fay (2019), we also, use a terrorism index variable to capture not only the number of attacks, but also the varying intensities, as higher intensity attacks are likely to elicit a higher index of public fear.…”

“…To overcome the potential susceptibility that the results are possibly driven by endogeneity we rely on an extended ordered probit model (Wooldridge 2010). 30 The study of Carter and Fay (2019) demonstrates that terrorism has direct effects on public spending, which in turn has a direct effect on military activity. As terrorist attacks increase in frequency and magnitude, so too does the call of the public for heightened security by way of military action, which constitutes the indirect effect of terrorism on the military, filtered through public opinion.…”