Responding to climate change and the global land crisis: REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development

Nepstad, Daniel C.; Boyd, William C.; Stickler, C.; Bezerra, Tathiana; Azevedo, Andréa Aguiar

doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0167

Cited by 77 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…As REDD+ in some countries shifts from a projectbased to a jurisdictional approach (Nepstad et al 2013), in which programs and institutional frameworks operate across entire nations, states, or provinces, experiences like those of Socio Bosque between the national government and indigenous communities to conserve forest commons become more relevant. Within such a context, the external policy environment plays an important role in facilitating or stifling sustainable management of forest commons (Ostrom 1990, Mwangi andWardell 2012).…”

Section: Constitutional Rulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building local institutions for national conservation programs: lessons for developing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs

Collen¹,

Krause²,

Mundaca³

et al. 2016

E&S

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ABSTRACT. For programs that aim to promote forest conservation and poverty alleviation, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), the participation of indigenous communities is essential to meet program goals. Using Ostrom's theory of collective action for common pool resource management, we evaluated the institutions governing indigenous participation in the Programa Socio Bosque incentive-based conservation program in Ecuador. We conducted structured interviews with 94 members in 4 communities to assess community institutions for 6 of Ostrom's principles, using 12 measures we developed for the principles. We found substantial variation between communities in terms of their institutional performance. The best-performing community performed well (>50% of interviewees reported successfully meeting the measure) on 8 of the 12 measures. The weakest performed well on only 2 out of 12 measures. Overall, our results indicate that there is stronger performance for constitutional-level institutions, which determine who gets to make the rules, and some collective-choice institutions, which determine how local rules are made. We identified specific challenges with the day-to-day operational institutions that arise from participation in nation statecommunity conservation programs, such as restricted resource appropriation, monitoring and compliance, and conflict resolution. We found that top-down policy making has an important role to play in supporting communities to establish constitutional-level and some collective-choice institutions. However, developing operational institutions may take more time and depend on local families' day-today use of resources, and thus may require a more nuanced policy approach. As some countries and donors find a jurisdictional REDD+ approach increasingly attractive, complementing top-down policy measures with bottom-up institutional development could provide a stronger platform to achieve the shift from current land use driving deforestation to a lower-carbon-emissions land management trajectory.

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Section: Constitutional Rulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building local institutions for national conservation programs: lessons for developing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs

Collen¹,

Krause²,

Mundaca³

et al. 2016

E&S

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“…As global populations continue to grow and more land becomes devoted to agriculture, agricultural production will have to be sustained on lands and soils traditionally not rated for intensive or long-term cultivation [12,17,18,20], creating elevated risk of soil erosion and other environmental externalities resulting from agricultural production [12,23,83]. Land use and agricultural practices may vary widely and can change based on modifications in public policies, pressure from urban expansion, changing economic conditions and profitability, and personal and cultural characteristics, among other factors.…”

Section: Agricultural Land and Soil Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

System Dynamics Modeling for Agricultural and Natural Resource Management Issues: Review of Some Past Cases and Forecasting Future Roles

et al. 2016

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Contemporary issues in agriculture and natural resource management (AGNR) span a wide spectrum of challenges and scales-from global climate change to resiliency in national and regional food systems to the sustainability of livelihoods of small-holder farmers-all of which may be characterized as complex problems. With rapid development of tools and technologies over the previous half century (e.g., computer simulation), a plethora of disciplines have developed methods to address individual components of these multifaceted, complex problems, oftentimes neglecting unintended consequences to other systems. A systems thinking approach is needed to (1) address these contemporary AGNR issues given their multi-and interdisciplinary aspects; (2) utilize a holistic perspective to accommodate all of the elements of the problem; and (3) include qualitative and quantitative techniques to incorporate "soft" and "hard" elements into the analyses. System dynamics (SD) methodology is uniquely suited to investigate AGNR given their inherently complex behaviors. In this paper, we review applications of SD to AGNR and discuss the potential contributions and roles of SD in addressing emergent problems of the 21st century. We identified numerous SD cases applied to water, soil, food systems, and smallholder issues. More importantly, several case studies are shown illustrating the tradeoffs between short-term and long-term strategies and the pitfalls of relying on quick fixes to AGNR problems (known as "fixes that backfire" and "shifting the burden", well-known, commonly occurring, systemic structures-or archetypes-observed across numerous management situations [Senge, P.M. The Fifth Discipline, 1st ed.; Doubleday: New York, NY, USA, 1990.]). We conclude that common attempts to alleviate AGNR problems, across continents and regardless of the type of resources involved, have suffered from reliance on short-term management strategies. To effectively address AGNR problems, longer-term thinking and strategies aimed at fundamental solutions will be needed to better identify and minimize the often delayed, and unintended, consequences arising from feedback between management interventions and AGNR systems.

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“…One is in the adoption of a nested approach to REDD+ in Nigeria and Ghana. The nested approach with its growing popularity entails simultaneous national and sub-national (or pilot) level implementation [58,59]. In Nigeria, the nested approach was partly a programmatic necessity, since REDD+ required a national level carbon accounting, whereas, the project had been championed at the sub-national (Cross River) level.…”

Section: Politics Of Redd+ Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

REDD+ in West Africa: Politics of Design and Implementation in Ghana and Nigeria

Asiyanbi¹,

Arhin²,

Isyaku³

2016

Preprint

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This paper analyses the design and implementation of REDD+ in the West African region, an important global biodiversity area. Drawing on in-depth interviews, analysis of policy documents and observation of everyday activities, we sought to understand how REDD+ has been designed and implemented in Nigeria and Ghana. We draw on tools from political ecology to examine how, and why REDD+ takes the form it does in these countries. We focus on three key dimensions that emerged as strong areas of common emphasis in our case studies --capacity building, carbon visibility, and property rights. First, we show that, while REDD+ design generally foregrounds an ostensible inclusionary politics, its implementation is driven through various forms of exclusion. This contradictory inclusion-exclusion politics, which is partly emblematic of the neoliberal provenance of the REDD+ policy, is also a contingent reality and a strategy for navigating complexities and pursuing certain interests. Second, we show that though the emergent foci of REDD+ implementation in our case studies align with global REDD+ expectations, they yet manifest as historically and geographically contingent processes that reflect negotiated and contested relations among actors that constitute the specific national circumstance of each country. We conclude by reflecting on the wider implications of these findings for understanding REDD+ implementation more broadly.

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Responding to climate change and the global land crisis: REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development

Cited by 77 publications

References 28 publications

Building local institutions for national conservation programs: lessons for developing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs

Building local institutions for national conservation programs: lessons for developing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs

System Dynamics Modeling for Agricultural and Natural Resource Management Issues: Review of Some Past Cases and Forecasting Future Roles

REDD+ in West Africa: Politics of Design and Implementation in Ghana and Nigeria

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