Respiratory viral testing

McCulloh, Russell J.; Köster, Michael; Chapin, Kimberle

doi:10.4161/viru.22788

Cited by 19 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In our localized infections, the classic virulence factors Listeriolysin O and ActA were required for virulence, in agreement with systemic infection of zebrafish larvae with L. monocytogenes (Levraud et al , 2009), and other invertebrate models (Mansfield et al , 2003; Mukherjee et al , 2013). At high enough doses Δ actA bacteria were virulent in our system, mirroring mouse models of listeriosis, where Δ actA mutants are lethal at an LD50 roughly 1000-fold above WT (Goossens and Milon, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…L. monocytogenes has a wide natural host range in mammals, but has also been used as a model pathogen in alternative hosts including Danio rerio (zebrafish) (Menudier et al , 1996; Levraud et al , 2009; Shan et al , 2015), Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) (Mansfield et al , 2003), and Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) (Mukherjee et al , 2013). In our localized infections, the classic virulence factors Listeriolysin O and ActA were required for virulence, in agreement with systemic infection of zebrafish larvae with L. monocytogenes (Levraud et al , 2009), and other invertebrate models (Mansfield et al , 2003; Mukherjee et al , 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophages mediate flagellin induced inflammasome activation and host defense in zebrafish

Vincent

Freisinger

Lam

et al. 2015

Cellular Microbiology

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Summary The inflammasome is an innate immune complex whose rapid inflammatory outputs play a critical role in controlling infection, however the host cells that mediate inflammasome responses in vivo are not well defined. Using zebrafish larvae, we examined the cellular immune responses to inflammasome activation during infection. We compared the host responses to two Listeria monocytogenes strains: wild type and Lm-pyro, a strain engineered to activate the inflammasome via ectopic expression of flagellin. Infection with Lm-pyro led to activation of the inflammasome, macrophage pyroptosis, and ultimately attenuation of virulence. Depletion of caspase A, the zebrafish caspase-1 homolog, restored Lm-pyro virulence. Inflammasome activation specifically recruited macrophages to infection sites, whereas neutrophils were equally recruited to WT and Lm-pyro infections. Similar to caspase A depletion, macrophage deficiency rescued Lm-pyro virulence to wild type levels, while defective neutrophils had no specific effect. Neutrophils were however important for general clearance of L. monocytogenes, as both wild type and Lm-pyro were more virulent in larvae with defective neutrophils. This study characterizes a novel model for inflammasome studies in an intact host, establishes the importance of macrophages during inflammasome responses, and adds importance to the role of neutrophils in controlling L. monocytogenes infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages mediate flagellin induced inflammasome activation and host defense in zebrafish

Vincent

Freisinger

Lam

et al. 2015

Cellular Microbiology

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“…To attempt to answer this question, at least in part, several clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis were analyzed in the present work for their virulence capacity in a subcutaneous murine model compared with two S. schenckii reference strains. Six clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis were used in this study, two of which have been previously described [14,38]. For all other clinical isolates, a phylogenetic distribution was established to group them into the corresponding cryptic species inside the Sporothrix spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypothesis was supported by thermotolerance evaluation of the isolates analyzed compared with clinical isolates of the S. schenckii complex [10]. Phenotypic and genotypic features of different isolates within this complex were associated with their geographical distribution, virulence capacity or clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis [11-14]. In addition, several reports have shown that more than one species can be isolated within the same endemic area [1,15-17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Differences in Cell Morphometry, Cell Wall Topography and Gp70 Expression Correlate with the Virulence of Sporothrix brasiliensis Clinical Isolates

et al. 2013

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Sporotrichosis is a chronic infectious disease affecting both humans and animals. For many years, this subcutaneous mycosis had been attributed to a single etiological agent; however, it is now known that this taxon consists of a complex of at least four pathogenic species, including Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Gp70 was previously shown to be an important antigen and adhesin expressed on the fungal cell surface and may have a key role in immunomodulation and host response. The aim of this work was to study the virulence, morphometry, cell surface topology and gp70 expression of clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis compared with two reference strains of S. schenckii. Several clinical isolates related to severe human cases or associated with the Brazilian zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis were genotyped and clustered as S. brasiliensis. Interestingly, in a murine subcutaneous model of sporotrichosis, these isolates showed a higher virulence profile compared with S. schenckii. A single S. brasiliensis isolate from an HIV-positive patient not only showed lower virulence but also presented differences in cell morphometry, cell wall topography and abundant gp70 expression compared with the virulent isolates. In contrast, the highly virulent S. brasiliensis isolates showed reduced levels of cell wall gp70. These observations were confirmed by the topographical location of the gp70 antigen using immunoelectromicroscopy in both species. In addition, the gp70 molecule was sequenced and identified using mass spectrometry, and the sequenced peptides were aligned into predicted proteins using Blastp with the S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis genomes.

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Assessment of in vivo antimicrobial activity of the carbene silver(I) acetate derivative SBC3 using Galleria mellonella larvae

et al. 2014

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The antimicrobial drug candidate 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-2-ylidene silver(I) acetate (SBC3) was evaluated for its ability to function in vivo using larvae of Galleria mellonella. A SBC3 concentration of 25 lg/ml inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by 71.2 % and Candida albicans by 86.2 % in vitro. Larvae inoculated with 20 ll of SBC3 solution showed no ill effects up to a concentration of 250 lg/ml but administration of 500 lg/ml resulted in a 40 % reduction in larval survival and administration of a dose of 1,000 lg/ml resulted in total larval death at 24 h. Larvae inoculated with S. aureus or C. albicans and subsequently administered SBC3 showed increased survival. Administration of SBC3 to larvae did not boost the insect immune response as indicated by lack of an increase in the density of circulating haemocytes (immune cells). The abundance of a number of proteins involved in the insect immune response was reduced in larvae that received 20 ll SBC3 solution of 100 lg/ml. This is the first demonstration of the in vivo activity of SBC3 against S. aureus and C. albicans and demonstrates that SBC3 does not stimulate a non-specific immune response in larvae.

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Respiratory viral testing

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Macrophages mediate flagellin induced inflammasome activation and host defense in zebrafish

Macrophages mediate flagellin induced inflammasome activation and host defense in zebrafish

Differences in Cell Morphometry, Cell Wall Topography and Gp70 Expression Correlate with the Virulence of Sporothrix brasiliensis Clinical Isolates

Assessment of in vivo antimicrobial activity of the carbene silver(I) acetate derivative SBC3 using Galleria mellonella larvae

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