Respiratory viral infection in childhood. A survey in general practice, Roehampton 1967–1972

Horn, M E; Brain, Elizabeth; Gregg, Ian; Yealland, S J; Inglis, J.M.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400024220

Cited by 72 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Most clinicians consider RSV one of the most important agents of acute respiratory disease in children, and almost 50% of infants are expected to suffer from RSV infection during their first winter (15,16,20,32,35). Inactivated RSV vaccine does not protect against natural infection and leads to an unusual immune response and even lung inflammation during the course of a subsequent natural infection (21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effects of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus replication in vitro

Kawana¹,

Shigeta²,

Suzuki³

et al. 1987

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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We examined the inhibitory effect of 20 antiviral compounds, including ribavirin, on the replication of respiratory syncytial virus in HeLa and HEp-2 cell cultures. Of the compounds studied, pyrazofurin and 3-deazaguanine emerged as more potent inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus than ribavirin. Based on their inhibitory effect on the cytopathogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus in HeLa cells, the average 50% effective dose of pyrazofurin and 3-deazaguanine for eight strains was 0.07 and 1.65 ,ug/ml, respectively; that of ribavirin was 5.82 p.g/ml. The cytotoxicity of these compounds for HeLa cells was examined by monitoring the incorporation of radiolabeled uridine into cellular RNA. The selectivity indexes of pyrazofurin and 3-deazaguanine exceeded that of ribavirin by 70-and 11-fold, respectively. Pyrazofurin, 3-deazaguanine, and ribavirin inhibited both viral antigen expression and syncytium formation in HeLa cell cultures, as assessed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. In these assays, pyrazofurin and 3-deazaguanine again proved more potent than ribavirin. 2,5-Diamidinoindole and carbodine were less potent than ribavirin. Various other compounds, i.e., 3-adenin-9-yl-2-hydroxypropanoic acid isobutyl ester, 3-deazauridine, 3'-C-methyluridine, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-cyanoimidazole-4-carboxamide, and its ribofuranosyl derivative, did not inhibit the cytopathic effect of the Long strain of respiratory syncytial virus at concentrations -125 pLg/ml. Tubercidin, 5-chlorotubercidin, xylotubercidin, neplanocin A, thiosemicarbazone R, and 3-methylquercetine were too toxic to HeLa cells for their inhibitory effects on respiratory syncytial virus to be examined.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infancy and early childhood. Most clinicians consider RSV one of the most important agents of acute respiratory disease in children, and almost 50% of infants are expected to suffer from RSV infection during their first winter (15,16,20,32,35). Inactivated RSV vaccine does not protect against natural infection and leads to an unusual immune response and even lung inflammation during the course of a subsequent natural infection (21). Recent research efforts have therefore focused on the development of either potent live RSV vaccines or effective antiviral compounds.Following reports that ribavirin may reduce the severity of illness and amount of virus shed in acute respiratory infections due to RSV or influenza B virus (13,14,23,37), the drug has been approved in aerosol form for the chemotherapy of RSV infections. This has prompted the search for antiviral compounds that may be as effective, if not more effective, against RSV than ribavirin. We have now investigated the inhibitory effects of 20 antiviral compounds, including ribavirin, on the replication of RSV in vitro.MATERIALS AND METHODS Viruses. The Long, S-2, and S-8 strains of RSV were kindly provided by Y. Numazaki, National Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Japan. The 58-8, 58-7,...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effects of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus replication in vitro

Kawana¹,

Shigeta²,

Suzuki³

et al. 1987

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Specimens were taken immediately to the laboratory and no child was investigated more than 5 days after the onset of symptoms. Horn et al (1975), studying the effect of storage of specimens at 4°C overnight, showed that this did not affect the viral isolation rate. However, a slightly higher isolation rate might have been obtained by more frequent sampling during episodes of wheeze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A relationship between viral infection of the upper respiratory tract and wheeziness has been shown in several studies-hospital inpatients (McIntosh et al, 1973), hospital outpatients (Minor et al, 1974a(Minor et al, , 1976, and general practice (Horn et al, 1975). Some have been confined to the winter months and case selection has been biased by the exclusion of children whose wheezing attacks were thought not to be precipitated by infection (Berkovich et al, 1970;McIntosh et al, 1973;Minor et al, 1974aMinor et al, , 1976.…”

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confidence: 99%

Viral infection as a precipitant of wheeze in children. Combined home and hospital study.

Mitchell¹,

Inglis²,

Simpson³

1978

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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SUMMARY Sixteen children with asthma were studied for one year and viral isolation attempted during all episodes of wheezing. In 91 episodes investigated, 13 viruses were isolated (isolation rate 14%), whereas only one virus was isolated from 120 specimens taken when the children were symptom free. Rhinovirus was the commonest isolate and most were obtained during August, September, and October. Episodes of wheezing associated with virus infection were not clinically different nor more severe than those due to other precipitants.Upper respiratory tract infection is one of the apparent precipitants of wheezing attacks in children. A relationship between viral infection of the upper respiratory tract and wheeziness has been shown in several studies-hospital inpatients (McIntosh et al., 1973), hospital outpatients (Minor et al., 1974a(Minor et al., , 1976, and general practice (Horn et al., 1975). Some have been confined to the winter months and case selection has been biased by the exclusion of children whose wheezing attacks were thought not to be precipitated by infection (Berkovich et al., 1970;McIntosh et al., 1973;Minor et al., 1974aMinor et al., , 1976. We recently reported a 3-year hospital based study (Mitchell et al., 1976) free from these constraints of timing and case selection and confirmed the association of viral infection and wheeziness. The selection of appropriate controls presents difficulties and to overcome this viral culture has been attempted in index patients during wheeze-free periods (McIntosh et al., 1973;Minor et al., 1976).This study was undertaken to determine the incidence, nature, and seasonal variation of viral infection in children with recurrent wheeziness. The children were chosen consecutively, whatever the suspected precipitant of wheeze, and were studied for one year. Viral culture was attempted during all exacerbations of wheeze, whether or not viral infection was suspected on clinical grounds or admission to hospital occurred. The clinical features of wheezy episodes were noted. By attempting viral culture during symptom-free periods control data were obtained.

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“…This strongly suggested deficiencies in rhinovirus detection methodology. Secondly, it was shown that early sampling is critical in the successful isolation of viruses [4], and that identification rates tend to be higher in outpatients or subjects from general practice than hospitalised patients and in prospective rather than incidental studies. Finally, only a few studies focused on adults, showing considerably lower overall and rhinovirus-specific identification rates than those obtained in children.…”

Section: Clinical and Epidemiological Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, probably due to the benign nature of most rhinovirus colds, little attention has been paid to these viruses until recent years, when they have been implicated in acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several early studies sought to objectively establish a link between virus infections and asthma exacerbations [3][4][5]; however, it was only after the advent of PCR-based detection methodologies that it was demonstrated that the vast majority of asthma exacerbations in children [6] and between half to three-quarters in adults [7,8] are associated with respiratory viral infections. In these studies, rhinoviruses were the most frequently identified pathogen.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of viruses on airway diseases

Johnston¹

2005

European Respiratory Review

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There is strong epidemiological evidence that respiratory viral infections are associated with 80-85% of asthma exacerbations in children. There is less evidence in adults, but the available data suggest viruses are associated with around two-thirds to three-quarters of exacerbations in adults. These associations include severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation. The most common viruses detected in these studies were rhinoviruses, accounting for two-thirds of viruses detected.Asthmatics have increased susceptibility to respiratory virus infection and have recently been shown to have profoundly defective interferon-b responses to virus infection, resulting in increased virus replication.Atypical bacterial infections are also associated with chronic asthma and asthma exacerbations and a recent study indicates antibiotic therapy active against atypical bacteria is effective in treatment of exacerbations. Recent data also indicates asthmatics are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease, suggesting they may also have impaired antibacterial immunity.Research is urgently required to determine whether augmenting anti-infective immunity is beneficial in the treatment/prevention of asthma exacerbations. More recent data also implicates viruses in the majority of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies are also required investigating anti-infective host defence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Respiratory viral infection in childhood. A survey in general practice, Roehampton 1967–1972

Cited by 72 publications

References 22 publications

Inhibitory effects of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus replication in vitro

Inhibitory effects of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus replication in vitro

Viral infection as a precipitant of wheeze in children. Combined home and hospital study.

Impact of viruses on airway diseases

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