Respiratory Syncytial Virus G and/or SH Glycoproteins Modify CC and CXC Chemokine mRNA Expression in the BALB/c Mouse

Tripp, Ralph A.; Jones, Les; Anderson, Larry J.

doi:10.1128/jvi.74.13.6227-6229.2000

Cited by 89 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Seven days after infection, CCL5 was the most common mRNA species of those examined, relative to the housekeeping genes, although not when expressed as n-fold increase over controls, because of the high constitutive expression of mRNA for this chemokine. Taking into account the manufacturer's error in the probe set used (see Materials and Methods), our results agree with those of other studies of primary infection (10,34).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Consequently, the protected probe is 162 residues long instead of 181 residues, as in other strains (11). Previous studies of this infection model using this technique did not take account of this error in the manufacturer's reagent, effectively swapping the protected bands for CXCL10 and CCL2 (10,34). The mRNA results for these two chemokines have thus been exchanged in these studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Chemokine Expression following Respiratory Virus Infection Reflects Th1- or Th2-Biased Immunopathology

Culley

Pennycook

Tregoning

et al. 2006

J Virol

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral pathogen of infants that also reinfects adults. During RSV infection, inflammatory host cell recruitment to the lung plays a central role in determining disease outcome. Chemokines mediate cell recruitment to sites of inflammation and are influenced by, and influence, the production of cytokines. We therefore compared chemokine production in a mouse model of immunopathogenic RSV infection in which either Th1 or Th2 immunopathology is induced by prior sensitization to individual RSV proteins. Chemokine expression profiles were profoundly affected by the nature of the pulmonary immunopathology: "Th2" immunopathology in BALB/c mice was associated with increased and prolonged expression of CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL10 (IP-10), and CCL11 (eotaxin) starting within 24 h of challenge. C57BL/6 mice with "Th2" pathology (enabled by a deficiency of CD8 ؉ cells) also showed increased CCL2 production. No differences in chemokine receptor expression were detected. Chemokine blockers may therefore be of use for children with bronchiolitis.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Chemokine Expression following Respiratory Virus Infection Reflects Th1- or Th2-Biased Immunopathology

Culley

Pennycook

Tregoning

et al. 2006

J Virol

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“…Nothing is known about the mechanisms that HMPV may use to persist; however, a recent study has shown that RSV may resist host antiviral mechanisms by modulating the type I interferon pathway by mechanisms associated with the expression of nonstructural NS1 and NS2 proteins (36), through G glycoprotein CX3C chemokine mimicry (43), and by displaying a conformationally altered mature envelope protein that is less susceptible to an anti-F glycoprotein neutralizing antibody response (29). In addition, G glycoprotein expression is associated with abherrent cytokine and altered chemokine mRNA expression in pulmonary leukocytes responding to infection as well as altered pulmonary leukocyte trafficking (42). In this study, depletion of T cells or NK cells was associated with significantly increased HMPV titers in the lungs of depleted mice, suggesting that these cell types contribute to HMPV immune surveillance and control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Metapneumovirus Persists in BALB/c Mice despite the Presence of Neutralizing Antibodies

Alvarez¹,

Harrod

Shieh

et al. 2004

J Virol

Self Cite

104

152

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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has emerged as an important human respiratory pathogen causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children and older adults. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that HMPV may cocirculate with respiratory syncytial virus, and HMPV infection has been associated with other respiratory diseases. In this study, we show that BALB/c mice are susceptible to HMPV infection, the virus replicates in the lungs with biphasic growth kinetics in which peak titers occur at days 7 and 14 postinfection (p.i.), and infectious HMPV can be recovered from lungs up to day 60 p.i. In addition, we show that genomic HMPV RNA can be detected in the lungs for >180 days p.i. by reverse transcription-PCR; however, neither HMPV RNA nor infectious virus can be detected in serum, spleen, kidneys, heart, trachea, and brain tissue. Lung histopathology revealed prevalent mononuclear cell infiltration in the interstitium beginning at day 2 p.i. and peaking at day 4 p.i. which decreased by day 14 p.i. and was associated with airway remodeling. Increased mucus production evident at day 2 p.i. was concordant with increased bronchial and bronchiolar inflammation. HMPV-specific antibodies were detected by day 14 p.i., neutralizing antibody titers reached >6.46 log 2 end-point titers by day 28 p. i., and depletion of T cells or NK cells resulted in increased HMPV titers in the lungs, suggesting some immune control of viral persistence. This study shows that BALB/c mice are amenable for HMPV studies and indicates that HMPV persists as infectious virus in the lungs of normal mice for several weeks postinfection.Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is tentatively a member of the Metapneumovirus genus based on genetic sequence similarity to the type species avian metapneumovirus (46). HMPV was first identified in respiratory specimens from young children hospitalized with mild to severe lower respiratory tract illness (46), and recent studies indicate that HMPV may cause upper and lower respiratory tract illness in patients between the ages of 2 months and 87 years (5,6,8,23,49,50). The disease burden associated with HMPV infection is not well known and may be complicated by the ability of HMPV to cocirculate with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the community (28,37,50). A recent prospective study of young and older adults hospitalized for respiratory infections during the RSV season showed that HMPV was associated with approx-

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“…However, addition of glycoprotein to F protein during immunization in mice decreases production of IFN-␥ by up to 70-fold upon RSV challenge compared to immunization with F alone (10). Furthermore, infection of BALB͞c mice with an RSV mutant lacking the glycoprotein and small hydrophobic (SH) genes increases NK and neutrophil trafficking to the lungs compared to control mice infected with a strain of RSV that has glycoprotein and SH (12). These findings suggest that RSV glycoprotein may modulate innate inflammation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The cysteine-rich region of respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein inhibits innate immunity elicited by the virus and endotoxin

Polack

Irusta

Hoffman

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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The attachment protein (glycoprotein) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has long been associated with disease potentiation and respiratory symptoms. The glycoprotein has a conserved cysteinerich region (GCRR) whose function is unknown and which is not necessary for efficient viral replication. In this report, we show that the GCRR is a powerful inhibitor of the innate immune response against RSV, and that early secretion of glycoprotein is critical to modulate inflammation after RSV infection. Importantly, the GCRR is also a potent inhibitor of cytokine production mediated by several TLR agonists, indicating that this peptide sequence displays broad antiinflammatory properties. These findings have important implications for RSV pathogenesis and describe an inhibitor of TLR-mediated inflammatory responses that could have clinical applications.glycoprotein ͉ innate immunity ͉ Toll-like receptor 4

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus G and/or SH Glycoproteins Modify CC and CXC Chemokine mRNA Expression in the BALB/c Mouse

Cited by 89 publications

References 32 publications

Differential Chemokine Expression following Respiratory Virus Infection Reflects Th1- or Th2-Biased Immunopathology

Differential Chemokine Expression following Respiratory Virus Infection Reflects Th1- or Th2-Biased Immunopathology

Human Metapneumovirus Persists in BALB/c Mice despite the Presence of Neutralizing Antibodies

The cysteine-rich region of respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein inhibits innate immunity elicited by the virus and endotoxin

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