Respiratory roles of genioglossus, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles during sleep

Megirian, D.; Hinrichsen, Colin; Sherrey, J.H.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(85)90045-7

Cited by 62 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Similar to previous data (Megirian et al, 1985;Horner, 2008a), when rhythmic GG EMG inspiratory activity was present, we observed a depression during transitions from nREM to REM (Fig. 6 A).…”

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Breathing In Natural Sleepsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Similar to previous results in natural sleep (Megirian et al, 1985;Horner et al, 2002), we observed strong CO 2 -mediated potentiation of GG EMG activity in nREM-like epochs, but limited effects during REM-like epochs, suggesting that EMG potentiation is still present under urethane anesthesia and is still state dependent. ABD EMG activity was also potentiated during CO 2 stimulation, consistent with previous reports (Iizuka and Fregosi, 2007;Marina et al, 2010;Abbott et al, 2011).…”

Section: Chemosensitivity Under Urethane Anesthesiasupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Of the remaining five rats, one showed no GG EMG state-dependent modulation and four rats showed only weak inspiratory modulation across states [͐GG EMG peak activity decreased Ͻ4% (nonsignificantly) during REM-like compared with nREM-like states in this subset of animals; n ϭ 5]. However, the significant state-dependent modulation of GG EMG activity in the majority of our experiments in urethaneanesthetized rats is similar to that reported for naturally sleeping rats (Megirian et al, 1985;Horner, 2008a).…”

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Respiratory Muscle Activitysupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The magnitude of the depression in GG EMG activity during sleep (Jelev et al, 2001;Sood et al, 2005;Horner, 2008a;Lu and Kubin, 2009) depends strongly on posture, vestibular inputs, and state-dependent neuromodulators (Megirian et al, 1985;Rossiter and Yates, 1996;Horner et al, 2002;Horner, 2008b). Our results suggest that urethane anesthesia does not interfere with the neuromodulatory processes controlling GG muscular activity, at the level of either the motoneuron or premotoneuron networks that determine muscle activity.…”

Section: State-dependent Respiratory Muscle Modulation During Urethanmentioning

confidence: 70%

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State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

et al. 2012

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Respiratory activity is most fragile during sleep, in particular during paradoxical [or rapid eye movement (REM)] sleep and sleep state transitions. Rats are commonly used to study respiratory neuromodulation, but rodent sleep is characterized by a highly fragmented sleep pattern, thus making it very challenging to examine different sleep states and potential pharmacological manipulations within them. Sleep-like brain-state alternations occur in rats under urethane anesthesia and may be an effective and efficient model for sleep itself. The present study assessed state-dependent changes in breathing and respiratory muscle modulation under urethane anesthesia to determine their similarity to those occurring during natural sleep. Rats were anesthetized with urethane and respiratory airflow, as well as electromyographic activity in respiratory muscles were recorded in combination with local field potentials in neocortex and hippocampus to determine how breathing pattern and muscle activity are modulated with brain state. Measurements were made in normoxic, hypoxic, and hypercapnic conditions. Results were compared with recordings made from rats during natural sleep. Brain-state alternations under urethane anesthesia were closely correlated with changes in breathing rate and variability and with modulation of respiratory muscle tone. These changes closely mimicked those observed in natural sleep. Of great interest was that, during both REM and REM-like states, genioglossus muscle activity was strongly depressed and abdominal muscle activity showed potent expiratory modulation. We demonstrate that, in urethane-anesthetized rats, respiratory airflow and muscle activity are closely correlated with brain-state transitions and parallel those shown in natural sleep, providing a useful model to systematically study sleep-related changes in respiratory control.

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Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Breathing In Natural Sleepsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Chemosensitivity Under Urethane Anesthesiasupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Respiratory Muscle Activitysupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: State-dependent Respiratory Muscle Modulation During Urethanmentioning

confidence: 70%

See 2 more Smart Citations

State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

et al. 2012

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“…During sleep, especially rapid eye movement (REM) or paradoxical sleep (PS), GG muscle activity decreases in animals (Horner et al, 2002;Megirian et al, 1985) and humans (Katz and White, 2004;Sauerland and Harper, 1976). In individuals with an anatomically small pharyngeal airway, this decrease in GG muscle activity can lead to airway occlusion (Remmers et al, 1978), i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of histamine or serotonin to the hypoglossal nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity across the wake–sleep cycle

Neuzeret

Sakai

Gormand

et al. 2009

Journal of Sleep Research

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SUMMAR Y The decrease in genioglossus (GG) muscle activity during sleep, especially rapid eye movement (REM) or paradoxical sleep, can lead to airway occlusion and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The hypoglossal nucleus innervating the GG muscle is under the control of serotonergic, noradrenergic and histaminergic neurons that cease firing during paradoxical sleep. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect on GG muscle activity during different wake-sleep states of the microdialysis application of serotonin, histamine (HA) or noradrenaline (NE) to the hypoglossal nucleus in freely moving cats. Six adult cats were implanted with electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and neck electromyogram electrodes to record wake-sleep states and with GG muscle and diaphragm electrodes to record respiratory muscle activity. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the hypoglossal nucleus for monoamine application. Changes in GG muscle activity were assessed by power spectrum analysis. In the baseline conditions, tonic GG muscle activity decreased progressively and significantly from wakefulness to slow-wave sleep and even further during slow-wave sleep with ponto-geniculo-occipital waves and paradoxical sleep. Application of serotonin or HA significantly increased GG muscle activity during the wake-sleep states when compared with controls. By contrast, NE had no excitatory effect. Our results indicate that both serotonin and HA have a potent excitatory action on GG muscle activity, suggesting multiple aminergic control of upper airway muscle activity during the wake-sleep cycle. These data might help in the development of pharmacological approaches for the treatment of OSA.k e y w o r d s genioglossus, histamine, hypoglossus, noradrenaline, obstructive sleep apnoea, serotonin, sleep INTRODUCTIONThe activity of the genioglossus (GG) muscle, innervated by the hypoglossal (XII) motor nucleus (HMN), contributes to the maintenance of upper airway patency (Ryan and Bradley, 2005;White, 2006). During sleep, especially rapid eye movement (REM) or paradoxical sleep (PS), GG muscle activity decreases in animals (Horner et al., 2002;Megirian et al., 1985) and humans (Katz and White, 2004;Sauerland and Harper, 1976). In individuals with an anatomically small pharyngeal airway, this decrease in GG muscle activity can lead to airway occlusion (Remmers et al., 1978), i.e. obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a sleep disorder affecting up to 4% of adults (Young et al., 1993). The mechanisms responsible for this selective obstruction of the upper airway during PS remain unclear and pharmacological therapies have not Correspondence: Pierre-Charles Neuzeret, INSERM U628, Physiologie Inte´gre´e du Syste`me dÕEveil,

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Differential innervation of protruder and retractor muscles of the tongue in rat

Dobbins

Feldman

1995

J of Comparative Neurology

171

157

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Protrusion and retraction of the tongue are essential components of such orofacial behaviors as mastication, respiration, and swallowing. Stimulation of the medial branch of the hypoglossal nerve yields tongue protrusion, while stimulation of the lateral branch yields tongue retraction in rat. We exploited the transsynaptic transport capabilities of pseudorabies virus to determine specific circuits that innervate protruder and retractor muscles of the rat tongue. Each group of muscles is innervated by distinct populations of hypoglossal motoneurons: caudal ventral and ventrolateral motoneurons form the largest proportion of those innervating protruders, whereas rostral dorsal motoneurons innervate retractors. Our primary finding was differential innervation of protruder and retractor motoneurons by premotoneurons in the lateral tegmental field: premotoneurons innervating protruder motoneurons were more ventral and ventromedial than those innervating retractor motoneurons. In addition, protruder motoneurons received projections from the ipsilateral lateral parabrachial nucleus but not spinal trigeminal nucleus or medial and ventral subnuclei of the solitary tract; the converse was true for retractor motoneurons. These results suggest segregation of functional networks that control hypoglossal motoneurons. The dorsal medulla, in or around the solitary tract, contains neurons specific to retractor motoneurons, and the region ventrolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus contains circuitry specific to protruder motoneurons. Common innervation of medial and lateral branch motoneurons is provided by premotoneurons in the raphe and gigantocellular reticular formation of the medial medulla. The midline medullary nuclei with diverse projections may coordinate complex behavior or modulate general motoneuron excitability, whereas the lateral reticular formation, with anatomically discrete projections, may control motoneurons that contribute to distinct orofacial behaviors.

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Respiratory roles of genioglossus, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles during sleep

Cited by 62 publications

References 26 publications

State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

Application of histamine or serotonin to the hypoglossal nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity across the wake–sleep cycle

Differential innervation of protruder and retractor muscles of the tongue in rat

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